Analytical Reading “The Luncheon” by Somerset Maugham Essay

The text under analysis belongs to the pen of William Somerset Maugham, the one of the best known English writers of the 20th century. He was not only a novelist, but also one of the most successful dramatist and short-story writers. He was born in Paris in 1874. His parents died when he was very young. The boy was taken away from the French school, and went for his lessons daily to the apartment of the English clergyman at the church, then he was sent to England to attend school. In 1890 he went abroad and studied at the University of Heidelberg from which he returned to England in 1892 and became a medical student at St. Thomas’s hospital in London. After that Somerset decided to devote his life to literature. â€Å"I didn’t want to be a doctor. I didn’t want to be anything but a writer†. The technique of the short story had always interested Maugham. Somerset Maugham has written 24 plays, 19 novels and a large number of short stories. At the beginning of the text the narrator, who is the author’s mouthpiece here recognizes a woman with whom he had a lunch several years ago. Then he starts remembering that unforgettable evening: He was a young man, living in Paris and could barely keep body and soul together. She had read his book and wrote a letter to him, expressing her wish to have with him a little luncheon at Foyot’s – a very expensive restaurant. He couldn’t say no to a woman and invited her for lunch. He had only eighty francs to last him the rest of the month. To his horror she ordered one expensive dish after another. He paid the bill and was left with no money at all. However, at the end of the story, the narrator feels that he has finally had his revenge when he sees that the lady has put on a lot of weight. Compositionally the story falls into 3 parts. The story begins with the exposition, which extends over the first several paragraphs. At the beginning of the text the narra tor sees a woman at the theatre in many years since they first met and can hardly recognize her. Then the author presents a flashback to the past which goes to the last paragraph with a help of the sentence â€Å"Did I remember?† which allows us to know what had happened many years ago. Here we learn about the place of action and its time. The reader gets information  about the events, preceding the meeting of the main characters and also understands that the narrator was a very poor man. Then come complications, opened with the sentence: † She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive.† The action takes place in the restaurant. Here the reader learns more about the characters. The author describes how this lady enjoys the meal, ordering the most expensive dishes and he is wondering about the bill. The bill was finally paid and the narrator found himself with not a penny left in his pocket for the whole month. After it the author comes back to the present time and here comes the climax. Now, after 20 years had passed by, the narrator has had his revenge at last because â€Å"Today she weighs twenty-one stone†. This story is a first-person narrative. The dialogues are predominant in the complications – the biggest part of the text. The general atmosphere of the text is emotional and ironical (even the title â€Å"The Luncheon† is ironical, because the word â€Å"luncheon† means a â€Å"light snack†, but in fact it turned to be an abundant and very expensive meal), but also strained (â€Å"I watched the abandoned woman thrust them down her throat in large voluptuous mouthfuls, and in my polite way I discoursed on the condition of the drama in the Balkans.†; † Panic seized me. It was not a question now of how much money I should have left over for the rest of the month, but whether I had enough to pay the bill.†). The tone of this story is ironical. The author uses direct (â€Å"But I was flattered, and I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman†; â€Å"I watched the abandoned woman thrust them down her throat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and indirect methods of characterization. The characters are presented through their actions, descriptions of the outward appearance and things that surround the characters. The waiter might be called a minor character. To my mind the woman is smart, gluttonous, selfish, cold, indiscreet. She is a villain who serves a foil to the protagonist. By constantly repeating her ironic expression † I never eat more than one thing † she emphasized the conflict between what she says and what she does. The author – the protagonist, is a poor, kind, honest and sincere man. The author’s style is vivid, clear and emotional. The author uses stylistic devices sparingly. In my opinion there is an external conflict in this story. The theme of this story is appearance against reality. Everything in the  story is not really what it seems to be. The narrator expected to have a little luncheon with a beautiful lady. But it turned to be an expensive meal with an unattractive woman. This woman repeats â€Å"I never eat anything for luncheon†, but eats everything she can. I think that the author’s message â€Å"the appearance is not yet the reality† is very important and relevant today.

Comapre 2 Grief theorists Essay

Grief and bereavement are different for each individual, that is no two people will experience a loss in the same way. A loss is the absence of something we deem meaningful. Over the years there have been many different theories of grief, but it is not a ‘one size fits all’ approach. The aim of this paper is to compare two grief models, namely Dr Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief and Dr William Worden’s Tasks of Mourning including the Seven Mediators of Mourning. After comparing the two models the paper will then look at how the two models are different and finish with a case study using one of the models. Dr Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was a Swiss born Psychiatrist. During her in psychiatry residency she was appalled by the treatment of patients who were dying. She began lecturing medical students and forced them to face dying patients. Her extensive work with the dying lead to the writing of her book ‘On death and dying’ (1969). In this book she proposed the Five Stages of Grief, being denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, which most people will feel when faced with death. Whilst this model was initially for the dying patient it has been later adapted for the bereft. Dr Kubler-Ross notes that these stages are not meant to be completed in a strict order or are indeed the only emotions the bereft will pass through. Other researchers studying the process of loss and grief have recognised these stages as well as the fact that they do not have to be experienced in any particular order but are all part of the grieving process. The bereaved may vacillate in and out of some stages before completing this part of the process. Grief begins at the moment a loss is recognised, long before death actually happens. Dr Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief will be explained in more detail below: Denial. Shock and disbelief that the loss is happening. Numbness and even a sense of isolation that takes over the bereaved and for brief periods of time. Do they remember that they have suffered the loss? Anger. Why me? The bereaved may find themselves angry at the loss or themselves for wishing it would all end. Bargaining. This is usually about making a compromise with God or other deity. â€Å"Just let my baby have a heart beat on this ultrasound and I’ll do whatever you want† or your friend asks God to let him live a while longer and he’ll promise to quit smoking. Depression. Becoming so sad that things just don’t matter anymore. Feelings of hopelessness, sorrow, and despair overwhelm the bereaved. Acceptance. Coming to terms with reality. Loss is part of life and cannot be avoided. If the loss is the death of a loved one then a feeling of calmness and peace that the berefts loved one is no longer suffering and is at rest or peace, having gone on to a better place. These stages can come in any order and can be intertwined. The bereft will experience grief in their own way and their own time. Some people will move through the grieving process quickly, and others take much more time to grieve. Some bereaved people may effectively remain in denial for a long time and put off their grieving. The Four Tasks of Mourning is based on research by Dr J William Worden, PhD, who is currently a professor at Biola University in California. Dr Worden (2009) theorised that the grieving process was broken down into four main tasks of grieving and seven mediators of mourning which could be addressed individually or at the same time. Dr Worden’s Four Tasks of Mourning are: Task 1: To Accept the Reality of the Loss. During this task, the bereft must face the reality that the loss is real. In the case of a death the bereft must come to harsh terms that the deceased is never coming back. Task 2: To Process the Pain of Grief. This task is just as the title of the task suggests, that is, to process the pain and to find a way to cope with the pain until it passes. Task 3: To Adjust to a World Without the Deceased. Within this task there are three adjustments that need to be made; external adjustments, internal adjustments, and spiritual adjustments. Task 4: To Find an Enduring Connection With the Deceased in the Midst of Embarking on a New Life. ‘to find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life’ (Field, Gal-Oz & Bonanno, 2003). Worden also identifies seven determining factors that are critical to appreciate in order to understand the client’s experience which he calls the Mediators of Mourning. These include: (1) who the person who died was; (2) the nature of the attachment to the deceased; (3) how the person died; (4) historical antecedents; (5) personality variables; (6) social mediators; and (7) concurrent stressors. These mediators include many of the risk and protective factors identified by the research literature and provide an important context for appreciating the idiosyncratic nature of the grief experience (Corr & Coolican, 2010). Issues such as the strength and nature of the attachment to the deceased, the survivor’s attachment style and the degree of conflict and ambivalence with the deceased are important considerations. Death-related factors, such as physical proximity, levels of violence or trauma, or a death where a body is not recovered, all can pose significant challenges for the bereaved. Dr Worden’s work is an important development in the understanding of the process of coping adaptively with bereavement as each task is clearly defined in an action-oriented manner. The writings of both Dr Kubler-Ross and Dr Worden have had a substantial impact in the world of loss and grief. Although the simplicity is surely attractive, Dr Kubler-Ross’ theory has not been supported by research and it has largely been abandoned by clinicians and researchers alike (Harvard Mental Health Letter, 2011). Dr Worden (2009) suggested that we look at grief as a series of tasks rather than stages as detailed above. Both models have what could be defined as steps in the grieving process and these steps provide the counsellor a theoretical framework in which to work. Neither of the two models are designed to be linear in their process and in fact the bereft may swing back and forth between some of the steps in each model. The danger with these, and all other models, however, is that they can be normative and tell people how they ought to experience grief. Individuals are all unique and experiences of grief vary from person to person. Therefore, the emphasis on moving through the stages may not, in reality, respect where each individual is. After all, some may never actually want to â€Å"get over† the death of a loved one. Consequently, there is a risk that people who are not following these stages might be labelled as suffering from a â€Å"complicated† or â€Å"unresolved† grief and may be intervened with unnecessarily or inappropriately (Hamama-Raz, Hemmendinger & Buchbinder, 2010). Case Study Penny is 48 years old. She is in a defacto relationship with Leonard for the past seven years. She has three grown up children, one living nearby, the other living in Melbourne, and her daughter, Katherine (24 years old), living at home and working. She is healthy and has a steady job. She has limited contact with the husband from whom she had been divorced when the children were very young. Leonard is a magazine editor and had never married. When he had met Penny they seemed just right for each other. They were each other’s best friend. Leonard had not been feeling right for a short time before consulting his doctor. Tests showed a malignant mass in his bowel. He was operated on to remove the mass and he was to begin chemotherapy soon after. This weighed heavily on Penny and Leonard, despite the optimistic prognosis offered by Leonard’s doctors. In Penny’s life, the routine of the household was that she woke Katherine up in the morning, as she was notorious for sleeping through her alarm clock and arriving late for work. One morning, Penny bent over to shake Katherine awake, but this morning she could not be awakened. She had died during the night. Penny called an ambulance, and within minutes the paramedics were there but Katherine had been dead for several hours. The doctors were unable to establish a cause of death even after extensive testing. The next days were a total blank as Penny went through the motions of all that had to be done. The family gathered, the funeral took place, and Penny blocked most of it out. Penny has been unable to function. Her grief and depression are crippling and overwhelm everything. For the first few weeks, she could not eat or sleep. She was unable even to consider returning to work, as she was immersed in her grief. Leonard suggested that she should get some help, so Penny went for group counselling at a local agency. The group proved somewhat helpful and it enabled Penny to return to work about eight weeks after Katherine’s death. At work, she found herself short tempered, snapping at colleagues, she was preoccupied and could not focus and she was frequently late. She was able to get through the days, only to come home and cry. It was her anger that finally propelled her into individual counselling. She was unable to be civil to her work colleagues â€Å"who were idiots.† The few friends that she still had were objects of her wrath. She found herself irrationally lashing out at anyone who even slightly annoyed her, and she began to feel isolated and frightened by her own actions. She began individual bereavement counselling in December, eight months after Katherine had died. If I was counselling Penny I would assess which of Worden’s four mourning tasks were not complete and make an effort to address the gaps. If Penny has not accepted the reality of the loss, then Penny has to begin the letting go of the deceased. However, if the difficulty is in experiencing the pain, then I would help Penny feel safe enough to feel both the positive and negative aspects of his or her grief. This safety would be built up through the accepting relationship established between myself and Penny. If adjusting to the environment seems to be the hurdle, then problem solving would become the focus of helping Penny to make the needed changes to get back to living. If Penny were unable to engage in relationships and withdraw her emotional energy from Katherine, then I would have to work with her to help release her from the binding attachment to Katherine and to be free to develop new relationships. Often the bereft are afraid to let go of the deceased for fear that the deceased will be forgotten. It may be constructive for me to counsel Penny on how to build new connections to Katherine, new ways to think about her in a more spiritual or ethereal manner. I would also urge social connectedness with others by encouraging and supporting efforts in that direction. In conclusion, every person will experience grief and loss at some stage of their lives. It is the way that this grief and loss is handled by the counsellor that can help the bereft deal with their loss and move past it, incorporating the loss into their lives. An effective counsellor can only do this if they are familiar with the theories of grief and loss. References Beyond the five stages of grief. (2011). Harvard Mental Health Letter, 3. Corr, C. A., & Coolican, M. B. (2010). Understanding bereavement, grief, and mourning: implications for donation and transplant professionals. Progress in Transplantation, 20(2), 169-177. Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Continuing Bonds and Adjustment at 5 Years After the Death of a Spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 110-117. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.110 Hamama-Raz, Y., Hemmendinger, S., & Buchbinder, E. (2010). The Unifying Difference: Dyadic Coping With Spontaneous Abortion Among Religious Jewish Couples. Qualitative Health Research. doi:10.1177/1049732309357054 Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillan. Worden, J. W. (2009). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.a

Ceja Vineyards Marketing Analysis Essay

eja Vineyards’ Decision to Directly Market to the Hispanic Community Analysis The Case Study, â€Å"Ceja Vineyards: Marketing to the Hispanic Wine Consumer?† by Armand Gilinksy Jr., Linda I. Nowak, Cristina Santini, and Ricardo Villarreal deSilva (2010) outlines a critical decision a small, family owned winery in California is facing. The winery, Ceja Vineyards, is located in the Carneros region and is equally owned by four Mexican born immigrants of farm workers. Amelia Moran Ceja, President, and her husband Pedro Ceja, Artistic Director, along with Pedro’s brother Armando Ceja, Winemaker and Vineyard Manager, and his wife Armando Ceja comprise the ownership team. Amelia, Pedro, and Armando grew up working in the Napa Valley vineyards, and in 1983 purchased fifteen acres in the Carneros region to begin their own vineyard. They planted their first grapes in 1986, and had their first harvest in 1988. From 1989 to 2000 they purchased additional plots of land and planted a variety of grapes. Their wine grape growing company is named Vina del Sol. They produce enough grapes for 65,000 cases of wine per year. In 2001, the company took another large step and began producing their own wine, under the branded name Ceja Vineyards. Their wine is made using their own grapes grown by Vina del Sol. In 2002, Ceja Vineyards was named â€Å"Winery of the Year† by a panel of ninety wine writers. Now it is 2007, and their wine production has doubled almost every year to the current amount of 10,000 cases a year. Problem Identification The key issue in the case study is whether or not they should make a concerted effort to target Hispanics in their marketing efforts. They see the potential of marketing to Hispanics due to the influx in Hispanic population in the U.S., and the continued projected increase. Their main concerns, are that they will have to change their marketing strategies, and incur substantial promotional expenses. They also will not lower their wine prices just to market to Hispanics. Amelia wants the company to focus on direct sells to the consumer so they don’t have to depend on the current distribution system. Analysis To understand the present situation Ceja Vineyards is in and to best recommend a course of action, three analysis techniques were employed. These three are the SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, and Value-Chain Analysis. SWOT Analysis A SWOT Analysis was applied first to the situation to assess the internal Strengths and Weaknesses, along with the external Opportunities and Threats. Ceja Vineyards has a multitude of Strengths. Their ownership knowledge is based on a lifetime of real world experience. They grew up picking grapes, and control every aspect of the company guaranteeing top quality. They have a unique history, in that they are Mexican immigrants and the company is family owned. The vineyard is in a premier location. Carneros was the first wine region based on climate rather than political boundaries. Their wine is estate grown using grapes from their wine growing company, Vina del Sol. The company is debt free from years of solid investing and planning. They implemented a wine club, to be able to sell directly to the consumer. Ceja Vineyards is not without its weaknesses. Their small production amount limits their marketing strategies due to not being able to compete head to head with the mega-wineries. They also have limited distribution due to their size, though the emergence of Boutique distributors and their wine club has helped. As for external factors, Ceja Vineyards looks to have a plethora of Opportunities to increase their demand. They could target the ever growing U.S. Hispanic Market. There are currently forty million Hispanics in the U.S., 20% who earn more than $100,000 per year. They are also projected to be the fastest growing population for the foreseeable future. In 2006, they had to turn people away from a wine tasting in Los Angeles because of the demand. Hosting more of these events could be beneficial. Their wine club members receive a discounted retail price, but Ceja Vineyards could introduce a â€Å"Rewards Program† for recruiting new members. The wine market has exploded in the 2000s, and has produced quite a few Threats for Ceja Vineyards. Competition has become fierce recently as the number of wineries grew by 26% from 2004-2007. The â€Å"three-tier system† for distribution does not favor small  wineries. It places a different tax rate dependent on state, and the â€Å"Big Five† distributing companies hold 52% of the distributing market. Boutique distributors are not able to operate in all states, and are always at threat of being purchased by the major distributors. Ceja Vineyards has done well for itself so far, but there is always the threat of growing too fast, without the required demand. The SWOT analysis shows a very high amount of strengths and opportunities that would suggest an aggressive strategy if not for Ceja Vineyards personal business strategy of slow growth. Porter’s Five Forces Porter’s Five Forces was next used to determine the competitive environment. The Five Forces method is used to determine a company’s profit potential for a particular industry.  The Threat of New Entrants – High. Despite the high start-up costs, and that vineyards and wineries are a long term investment, it has not stopped people from joining the market. In 2006-2007, 12,000 new brands were introduced to the market. The number of imports in the U.S. market has also grown. Most noticeably, imports priced above ten dollars, that would compete with Ceja Vineyards, have grown â€Å"44 percent annually from 2005-2007† (Gilinksy Jr., Nowak, Santini, and Villarreal deSilva, 2010, p. 15). The Bargaining Power of Buyers – High. The main buyer of wines from wineries are supermarkets and warehouse stores. These location account for 80% of wine retail sales. Another factor that is increasing the bargaining power of buyers is that there are few key buyers since the, â€Å"retail sector witnessed considerable consolidation in the early 2000s, due to mergers of both supermarkets and liquor store chains† (Gilinksy Jr., et al., 2010, p. 14). The Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Low. Suppliers in this instance, mean small market suppliers. Gilinksy Jr. et al. (2010) states, â€Å"The top ten wine companies in the U.S. controlled 82 percent of all shipments,† so while the larger producers may have some bargaining power, it doesn’t allow any for smaller quantity producing entities. The Threat of Substitute Products and Services – Low. Ceja Vineyards location is its greatest strength against the threat of substitute products and services. While there are other wine products, and other companies that sell even the same type of wine as Ceja Vineyards, there are only so many that can produce it using Carneros grapes. In the wine industry, the quality of your grapes are your biggest asset, and each location produces a distinct flavored grape. People who prefer Carneros grapes will only have so many options due to its limited size. The Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors in an Industry – High. As stated previously, the wine market is growing each year, both domestically and internationally. As is the number of wine producers which is outpacing the market growth. This combination makes it harder each year to create a demand for your product with so many options available to the consumer. Value-Chain Analysis To understand if a company has a competitive advantage or not, a Value-Chain analysis can be performed on the company’s business model. For this report, we will only focus on the primary activities of the Value-Chain analysis Inbound Logistics. Ceja Vineyards is classified as an estate-grown winery, because it is located in the same place the grapes are grown. The vineyard that grows the grapes, Vina del Sol, is owned by the same group so this makes this portion of inbound logistics ideal. Being located in California, also helps with the inbound logistics of bottles, corks, and bottle labels because California has the largest number of wineries per state in the United States. This is going to mean any supplies needed for wine making will be readily available. Operations. The four owners consist of two married couples, and each has an equally weighted vote in any decision. They are also family, and live nearby each other making communication easy, in theory. They also grew up around vineyards so all have a deep understanding of what is needed to run the business. The quality remains high because according to Pedro, â€Å"we’ve done quality control over every aspect, from growing to the cork that goes  into the bottle† Gilinksy Jr. et al. (2010). The only improvement to the operations side would be if Pedro quit his day job and focused his full attention on the winery. Outbound Logistics. This is the area that is the main issue for the Ceja’s. The industry is set up to cater to the mass producing wineries. To mass distribute their product they would have to use the â€Å"three-tier system†, which would only pay them 50% of the retail value of their product. Other options are the boutique distributors, but they can’t distribute to the entire U.S. This is why Amelia wants to sell directly to the consumer through their wine club, and tasting room to cut out the middle man and increase their profits. Marketing and Sales. The grape producing side of their company, Vina del Sol, is doing terrific. The demand for it is very high as it already has five companies on the waitlist to buy grapes. While, Ceja Vineyards sales have doubled each year since introducing their branded wine it is hard to judge the ceiling. This is mainly because the company has grown slowly, and been vigilant of growing too fast. The company realizes though, they have to decide on exactly how to market their product though if they want to continue increasing demand for it, and that is the issue we are trying to solve. Alternate Solutions The Ceja’s have multiple options they could take, and still be successful. The easiest option would be to change nothing. They have increased their revenue and profits each of the past three years according to their income statements. Also, they stated they had doubled their wine sales each year, and were ranked number 2 in Wine Business Monthly’s Hottest New Small Brands. With the growing wine market and critic accolades, they would probably continue to grow without changing anything. They could decide to target the entire Hispanic population, and market heavily. This mass marketing strategy would reach the most people, but would be very expensive. It would require an understanding from all the  owners that it could produce significant losses during the transition period. They could look at Round Hill Vineyards & Cellars as a blueprint. They did an ethnic outreach program in 2004 to target Hispanics and Asians. Their total case sales increased 400 percent from 2005 to 2006. Ceja Vineyards could work directly with their current Wine Club members, asking them for feedback on what made them join. Offer the members rewards for purchasing so many cases a year, or recruiting new members. Currently, half of the wine clubs 1000 members are of Hispanic descent. They could speak directly to this portion of the group to try more of a grassroots marking campaign. Ceja Vineyards could also market to only a portion of the Hispanic community. Since they refuse to lower their prices, they could market to the nine percent of Hispanics that make up the â€Å"mostly acculturated† percent of the Latino population. Wine consultant Sandra Gonzalez stated, â€Å"these Hispanic wine consumers are 96 percent more likely to spend $20 or more a bottle than non-Hispanics.† (Gilinksy Jr., et al., 2010, p. 14). Recommendations Ceja Vineyards in the enviable position of being a growing company with no debt in a growing market. After analyzing Ceja Vineyards’ business model and the state of the external environment, Ceja Vineyards should market to the Hispanic population. As of 2005, there were 12.5 million Hispanics in California alone. This is an enormous untapped market that if tapped into would allow Ceja Vineyards’ to rely less on the big distributors and more on direct to consumer sales. Ceja Vineyards’ should continue to grow their Wine Club through the use of promotions and a reward system, while also reaching out to the â€Å"mostly acculturated† percent of the Latino population. They should also look into the marketing strategies Round Hill Vineyards & Cellars employed to attract Hispanics and Asians to their brands.

Drect effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drect effect - Essay Example The Court of Appeal referred two question to the ECJ and this are whether a different retirement age for men and women in breach of Directive 76/207 and if so whether Directive 76/207 to be relied on by Mrs. Marshall in the circumstances of the case. The Equal Treatment Directive 76/207, which is based not on Article 141 of the EC treaty but on the institutions general powers under Article 308 (ex 235), lays down the principle of equal treatment for men and women in Article 1(1). 1 (iii) The logic of this reasoning is that a Directive can only be invoked vertically, by an individual against the state, and not horizontally, by one individual against another, because individuals are not to blame for the non-implementation of the Directive. This view was EC law and national law confirmed in this case. In Marshall the issue of the horizontal effect of directives was, it seemed, finally laid to rest. In favour of horizontal effects is the fact that directives have always in fact been published, that Treaty provisions addressed to and imposing obligations on, MS have been held to be horizontally effective that it would be anomalous, and offend against the principle of equality. If an individual’s rights to invoke a directive were depend on the status, public or private, of the party against whom he wished to invoke it, that the useful effect of Community law would be weakened if individuals were not free to invoke the protection of Community law against all parties. Although ECJ imposed limitation on the HDE of directives, it also creates other strategies or ways to advance the domestic enforcement of these meaner which broadening the concept of state, indirect effect, incidental horizontal effect and state liability. However, the ECJ is expanding the concept of public sector in the case law and thus including more individual capable of protection of community law [Johnson v RUC2 and Foster v British Gas3] Part b) (i) The

Rational for the lesson I design by using technology in teaching Assignment - 1

Rational for the lesson I design by using technology in teaching English( power point and Hot potato software) - Assignment Example 276). CALL uses a wide range of technological tools to assist language teachers and learners to achieve an effective learning process (Leakey 2011, p. 56). Technology in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) refers to CALL–based teaching methods (Levy and Stockwell 2006, p. 15). There are many technological tools that can be employed as CALL enhancements for TEFL including: computer programs like PowerPoint and Hot Potatoes, online interactive systems like Skype, internet social networks like Twitter and Face book, web blogs and wikis among others (Levy and Stockwell 2006, p. 23; Nadia 2013, p. 3). Although these technological tools are regarded with skepticism by some analysts, they play an important role in improving the overall TEFL process both to the teacher and to the students (Leakey 2011, p. 96). The following essay details a critical analysis on the use of CALL tools for TEFL with specific reference to the tools I used. I chose the Microsoft software, PowerPoint to design materials for my TEFL lesson and Hot Potatoes for student exercises and activities. This lesson was designed for intermediate level students in Saudi Arabia. The class is composed of young children between the ages of 12 years and 16 years (International Bureau of Education 2011, p. 21). These kids have just completed their primary or elementary school level. The class is composed of both girls and boys who have learned Arabic as their first language (International Bureau of Education 2011, p. 22). The class has 25 pupils. The students need CALL resources such as laptops and computers to use for the presentation and subsequent tasks. The internet is also needed for this lesson mainly for the Hot Potatoes testing program. The first strength is that, I am a highly trained professional in the fields of TEFL and in CALL implementation. This ensures that I will execute my responsibilities effectively to impart English skills in the students. I am also armed with suitable

Journal 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Journal 1 - Essay Example Ideally, some Americans like the American Indians dispute this idea by tracing their origin to America. However, William Least Heat-Moon justifies his idea by quoting historic facts that trace the origin of all Native American tribes (Heat-Moon 71-77). The idea that travelling might offer solutions to various problems is equally intriguing. It is amazing how travelling especially by road can help in solving psychological problems. The fact that we cannot know the exact point where we can find an answer to a specific problem, William Least Heat-Moon encourages us to keep travelling. In the essay, The Classic American Road Trip, William Least Heat-Moon proves how travelling is fascinating and refreshing to the human mind (Heat-Moon 365-371). It is amazing that he seeks to prove that travelling can justify the course of life by showing how a traveler explores landscapes and people’s lives (Heat-Moon 367-371). Moreover, the author presents the travel writing theory by showing comprehension of the intentions of travelling. Through travel writing, William Least Heat-Moon expresses his soul and experiences. Indeed, he is one of the popular travel writers in

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Final exam - Essay Example All the models also aim at the value of national health policy to [provision of guidelines and direction for national health issues. Beveridge model emphasizes on the responsibility f the government in ownership and operation of healthcare. It also emphasizes that healthcare is a human right and should not be considered a privilege. The system encourages full access to healthcare despite the ability to pay for the services. The American model entails both the models as all the characters are observed in all the two models. The government is in charge of the healthcare similar to encouragement of private healthcare facilities. The reforms are those that are aimed at improving the healthcare that are given in the country. the reform has entailed bringing about new rights, benefits and protection that has included the that most healthcare that are on the grandparents covers preventive services that are from at least ten categories of essential health benefits. There are countries that have tried to implement the strategy and the type of system into their countries such that there is increased provision of health care to those in the country. A country such as Germany has been able to have the policy of a minimum amount of services in the country and free preventive services in its system. This is similar to the reforms that are stated in Obama care reforms. The first state of the reforms was that which was focused on United States and Europe and it mainly entailed forming the basics for compulsory governmental-run or voluntary subsidized programs on healthcare. This was in the 1900s to the 1920s. From the time, there have been initiations that focused on the campaign on by elites more concerned with caring against attacks from awareness groups than with current deployment, and common improvers in the labor, civil rights, activist, and also from AIDS activist activities have focused more on instant and incremental changes than on changing the health care

Is there a link between volcanic eruption and climate change and what Essay

Is there a link between volcanic eruption and climate change and what the relationship between the two may be - Essay Example A., & Wilson, L. (2008). Donald Rapp in his book about climatic changes states that volcanic eruptions, though minor, are one of the factors for global warming, but injecting radiations into the earth’s atmosphere. Volcanos erupts huge amounts of ash, magma and sulfuric contents that remain in the environment, polluting it. (Rapp, D. (2008) When the issues regarding global warming got into discussions, human activities like the release of gases having CFC’s and burning of fossil fuels were considered as the primary factors for the climatic change. But some people disagree and claim that human activities pose less danger to our environment than natural procedures such as volcanic eruptions. This statement led human to study the affects of volcanic eruptions in detail. (Stenchikov, Georgiy L., Ingo Kirchner, Alan Robock, Hans-F. Graf, Juan Carlos Antuna, R. G. Grainger, Alyn Lambert, and Larry Thomason, 1998) Mount Pinatubo in Philippines got erupted on June 15, 1991, where approximately about 20 million tons of SO2 and ash particles spread into the air for more than 12 miles. The gases and solids that bumped into the atmosphere at the time Mount Pinatubo erupted lasted for 2 weeks in the air. Volcanic outbreak of this scale can shock earth’s climate, dropping the quantity of sun rays getting in the Earths shell, and altering atmospheric activity model. But the degree to which these changes happen, may vary. (Geology, sdsu; climatic effects of volcanic eruptions (2001). Extensive volcanic motion may precede only a couple of days, but the huge out break of solid ash and gases containing high sulfur content, may last for a long period of time. The erupted sulfuric gases convert themselves to â€Å"Sulfate Aerosols†. After the volcanic eruption, these aerosol particles may rest in the Earth’s stratosphere for as long as a

Other Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Other - Essay Example However, comparing and contrasting the lifestyles, attitudes of people, foods, clothes and other societal components, we would find a huge difference between the two of them. One culture dominates the Asian region while other dominates the Western side. America is not a particular dominance of any culture. Since early settlers were from European regions therefore, different regions of United States of America are dominated by different kinds of American cuisines. For example, South cuisines are more spicy and fried as compared to food in northern region where the food is comprised of boiled vegetables, fatty meat and beans. Similarly, West-American cuisines are more of a combination of Mediterrian and Hispanic food when compared to Eastern-American region in which the diversity of food types is purely based on the tremendous variety of different ethnic origins by people from different ethnic backgrounds. American cuisine is not a name of a particular food type instead; the variety of the food types, recipes and cultures gave American food a unique status in the world. The variety is so vast that person from any background can find the food of choice in most of the regions of the United States of America. As we see, Northern states of the United States of America are pre-dominantly by French, Dutch, Germans and British. Due to above reasons somewhat modified form of cuisine and culture food emerged in the Northern parts of the United States. When compared to other parts of the world, the dominance of one culture gave rise to particular kind of cuisines in the region such as China, Japan and Korea are among many of other countries. American foods are richer in their contents and provide a huge number of calories through protein, fats and carbohydrates. The unique combination of high protein and high fiber based foods, mostly vegetables, give a unique taste and cultural environment as well as the basic nutrients required by the body. Technology plays an excellent role in the American cuisine field. Modern culture and technology have provided a wide range of selected food materials to control the caloric requirement of an individual. For example, animal based protein such as beef and meat are supplied from high fats to low fat variety to meet the requirements of the consumer. Similarly, the sea-food and the poultry meat are supplied in similar varieties. In other words, the consumers’ needs and specific demands according to their health are met with this technology. Chinese food is served with the chopsticks which is a wood based product and lack the hygiene and cleaning when it comes to wash utensils. Many people in China keep their own personal set of utensils such as chopsticks to avoid any kind of health issues when it is used by others.. any absorbent material whether it is wood or ceramic are a substantial source of spreading the germs and also they are the source of transforming diseases to others. When compared to American uten sils which are solely made of metal, it becomes easier to clean and wash them. Hence, maintain the hygiene and preventing any substantial health communication to others. The fast food chains in America play a very important role in the daily food activities of an average American, where every individual has a huge variety of selection which ranges from high caloric food to low caloric food as well as high fiber food to low fiber food and also, from fresh to frozen varieties to meets the demands of each consumer

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

Reading response - Essay Example lassification of youngsters with reference to behavior traits, one of the devises of the music genre included the shift from dark lyrics to lyrics supporting social inclusion. This devise dropped the once meaningless portrayal of punk as a genre supporting dark lyrics and representing defiance of youngsters. In response to social issues that administrations, such as the Reagan Administration, ignore and overlook, punk music was used as a tool to spread awareness as the social issues were overwhelming the social structure of the community. To aid in the propagation of the social issues facing the community were punk music albums like â€Å"Fresh Fruits for Rotting Vegetables with songs such as Kill the Poor† (Hyde, 142). Although punk music is at some point considered a movement illustrating the culture of transformation in addressing community issues that affected the social structures of the society aimed at linking the community needs with sociopolitical factors. Under-representation within the political scene was one of the contributing factors that influenced the development and creation of pro-political lyrics. Although political and social themes are different in terms of focus, the creation of awareness by linking the two themes from a leadership perspective merits the use of punk music to influence social and political reforms (Hyde,

Saudi Arabia's political future in the region Research Paper

Saudi Arabia's political future in the region - Research Paper Example There have been a number of uprisings which in actual fact led to the brining down of 3 Arab leaders, whereas others have been threatened and introduced to a whole new historic period of transformation (Agence France Press 56). These events painted one of the significant features of modern Arab societies which include their huge and growing youth populations. Studies have been undertaken from time to time, indicating the extent which the youth in Arab countries influence the political, social and economic future of the Arab countries (Alexander 87). This is what forms basis in this paper, Saudi Arabia’s Political future in the region. On the other hand, the events of the precedent historical developments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, Syria, Yemen, Morocco and even Oman highlight the advancing position of the youth in shaping the future of this region (Alexander 96). It is therefore evident that Saudi Arabia is facing the Arab Awakening which is strong enough to shift the regions political central force from an old generation of dictators to a new and young generation of democratic leaders. And without warning, the youth of Saudi Arabia are in the fore front more than willing to shape and change the political future of their own country. It is evident that the young people and the entire population of old people in Saudi express a lot of patriotism for King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz for the reason that he is largely perceived as a religious, compassionately and a person who has good interests for the people of Saudi at heart (Schanzer 111). A large number of King Abdulaziz subjects show admiration to his reformist standpoint for instance in various fields like education and the rights of women. Whereas the good regards may not go further than to everybody in the administrative royal family, the political framework of Saudi obtains prevalent and well known authority among Saudis which includes the youth. In March 2011, a call on social media for Saudiâ⠂¬â„¢s â€Å"Day of Rage† was evident. As a matter of fact, this occurred several weeks subsequent to the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak had been thrown out and anxiety in the region was becoming apparent (Alexander 96). However, on the day that the rage was to take center stage, journalists in Riyadh were able to capture only one protestor in the town of five million people. In the real sense there are a number of reasons behind this evident change of mind or lack of interest in the rage anymore. Firstly, there was an intensive police presence which entailed use of helicopters in the Riyadh streets that particular day. Secondly, the government is known to deal severely with those who resist its injunctions or go against/criticize its rules further subjecting them to illogical arrest and long-serving detention (Lynch 43). For instance the â€Å"Day of Rage’s single protester, a forty year old teacher Khalid Al Johani was put to detention moments subsequent to his pu blic declaration to journalists that Saudi Arabia is a â€Å"police state†. Several months soon after, Al Johani was jailed with no charges 4 months (Lynch 43). On the other hand a cluster of a dozen reformist and activists in Jeddah who were deliberating on coming up with a political party, that is prohibited in the Kingdom, were lately sentenced to long serving prison terms of up to thirty years subsequent to undisclosed trial charges,

Good vs Evil Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Example for Free

Good vs Evil Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay The world as we know it is constantly moving and changing; events occur that can affect people’s lives even if they are thousands of miles away. Whether or not these happenings are good or evil can shape one’s mindset and outlook on the actions they take themselves. Both have distinct strengths and weaknesses; however, the real question one must ask is which side of the spectrum is more capable of influencing humanity. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Louis Stevenson, a wealthy and well-respected doctor by the name of Henry Jekyll, who believes that man is not one but two separate people, constructs a potion which unearths his inner evil (Mr. Edward Hyde), and in the end is engulfed by the strength of his malevolent persona. Although good is a preferred in society, the power of evil has more ability to spread over a larger scale and influence the minds of many; it is omnipresent, inevitable, and extremely easy to surrender to. As much as people would like to conceal their impure intentions and corrupt ways of life, somehow they are revealed and it is impossible to resist what truly lies inside. What classifies a person as either good or evil depends on what side of their soul they decide to let be in control. Once the bad side takes over it takes an immense amount of effort to get the good back. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll is consumed by the evil that lies within him. When Jekyll first consumes the potion he feels elated. Edward Hyde provides an alternate life for Jekyll. He is liberated of all cares and expectations. Nearing the end of the book, the reader gets a close look inside Jekyll’s mind and what was occurring when he switched between himself and Hyde. He tells about the early stages of his experiment: â€Å"I felt younger, lighter, happier in body†¦ a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul. I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked, sold a slave to my original evil; and the thought, in that moment, braced and delighted me like wine† (Stevenson 67). Throughout his life, Henry has always been a man of respect. He is known to have integrity and good ethics. When he rids of his burdens and gives into the side of himself that does whatever it wants, he is rejuvenated. It’s as if he is given two paths, and the easier one to take is the one with â€Å"do not cross† tape across it. The temptation lingers over Jekyll to constantly transform into the devilish version of him. He is aware of the wrongness of the situation because Hyde is a danger to the community, but the feeling of being free is an addiction to him. It takes restraint to hold Hyde inside, and in the end it becomes impossible because he overpowers any will to salvage the morality of Jekyll. It is further explained that the switch between personalities was not caused by the drug, but by a choice that was made. Jekyll explains in his confessions, â€Å"The drug had no discriminating action; it was neither diabolical nor divine; it but shook the doors of the prison-house of my disposition†¦my evil, kept awake by ambition, was alert and swift to seize the occasion; and the thing that was projected was Edward Hyde† (Stevenson 67). It is said that evil is inside of everyone just as much as good is, and depending on what one faces one may be more present than the other. The potion was just a key which opened the lock that held Jekyll’s wicked spirit. The potential was always inside of him, but he needed that push to help him express it. In the real world, there are no potions that can turn one evil; however, certain events can trigger feelings or thoughts that completely go against one’s morality. It is a personal decision to act upon those thoughts, but it is particularly simple to do so, and once it is made a chain reaction occurs that becomes more frightening as it continues. That sparks one to ponder how the evil gets into a soul, and if there is anything to that can prevent the chaos it ensues. The question of where evil comes about is one that has been argued for a long time. Some believe that it is influenced by the world surrounding them, or perhaps by personal experiences. It could be that we are exposed to the concept of it at such an early age that we are given our lives to ponder what we prefer. It is also said that depravity is laced in our genetics, passed on through generations. Whatever the case, the demons inside us can at times be inescapable. If it is true that somewhere in our destiny lies evil, it is impossible to hold back. It is a natural instinct for those who are given that gene to do horrible things, and that overpowers the choice they are given not to. In an article addressing the source of evil which discusses well-known figures such as Adolf Hitler, it is written that recent studies have shown the evidence of behavior and personality in DNA. The author of the article believes that it is impossible to attain such tendencies through inheritance. He states, â€Å"The fact that one child may turn into a bully or become a criminal and another not remains a tantalising mystery, and one that scientists cannot possibly explain in simple terms of DNA† (Masters). Masters is suggesting that the transformation from good to bad is a complicated process that involves many elements. It is an intriguing thought, how a mind can shift from one side to the other. The influence of evil is all around and it becomes a task to ignore what is being so aggressively thrown upon a person. One incident can have the power to spoil a pure soul. Bad behavior is directly linked to selfishness; one can convince themselves that a decision that hurts others is what is right for them. Adolf Hitler can be used as an example of this; his greed for the perfect Germany drove him to do things which are appalling to imagine. With the article being based off of Hitler, it debates, â€Å"Vice is the easy option, whereas virtue denotes difficulty and sweat. As the great Roman philosopher and dramatist Seneca wrote: Nature does not give a man virtue, the process of becoming a good man is an art. † (Masters). Human beings are always searching for an easy way out. It can be applied to everyday life, taking an escalator rather than the stairs for example. When faced with the decision between good and evil, one is swayed towards evil simply because it is the easier decision to make. To be good and pure is to ignore impulses for revenge or selfish acts, which give one a sense of satisfaction and are hard to resist. It is a natural instinct to be bad, and one must work hard to escape the evil of their own self. Once somebody defeats the demons that lie inside of them, it is a whole other battle to face the evil that lay in front of them in their life. No matter where one may try to go, it is near impossible to escape the constant influence of bad people and bad things. No matter age, race, or sex, corrupt people are out there that can hurt and destroy. Evil is something that has the ability to spread like a wildfire, and affect all who crosses its path. In an ABC News article titled â€Å"‘Depraved’ Behavior in Ordinary Life† the subject of wickedness is brought into perspective with real-life situations. It is typical to connect evil to war and politics, but one may be surprised at the small accounts of evil they may encounter on a daily basis. Michael Welner, a psychologist who studies depraved behavior, believes that evil has a broad spectrum which any person can fit inside. He states, â€Å"’The American public regardless of [geographic] state, regardless of opinion, regardless of orientation, in a variety of issues can achieve an agreement about a number of qualities of crimes that make them beyond-the-pale depraved’† (Libaw). Welner challenges that there are standards that must be met for a person to be considered evil; however, it is fairly easy to meet the criteria. Anybody and everybody can do sinister acts; it doesn’t just apply to dictators and murderers. Looking further into the mind of an evil-doer, one may ask what makes a mind hostile. The subject is also addressed in this article, when Welner’s study is revealed to include 14 traits that can define a human as evil. Libaw sums up Welner’s research with this statement, â€Å"The common thread is that evildoers dont just commit bad acts. They choose to make their actions even worse by behaving sadistically and deliberately ignoring or intensifying the damage and suffering they cause† (Libaw). It is one thing to do something that is bad, and another thing to dedicate one’s life to making sure all surrounding them are in misery. Evil people have the power to ruin so many things with the blink of an eye, where it takes an army of good to defeat the power that the wicked ones hold. To make a difference for the better is much more difficult to do than destroying is. It takes too much effort and determination for any average person to accomplish. Evil is something that is all around us; it has the strength to overcome almost everything and destroy many aspects of society, even when there are the few that attempt to maintain the good. Connections can be made extremely easily, from those one might be close to or as far away as a person they learn about in school. Evil is something that carries on throughout the years and can have lasting effects while good deeds can only stay in the spotlight for so long. Humans have the choice to fight for good or to give into evil, and it requires inner strength of an individual to fight against the strength of evil if they wish to attain purity. If that can be achieved then it will stay and one less person will be affected; however if they fail, they may be a victim of the grasp of evil for as long as they shall live. Works Cited Libaw, Oliver. Looking for Evil in Everyday Life. ABC News. ABC News Network, n. d. Web. 09 Apr. 2013. Masters, Brian. Are Some People Born Evil? Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd, 7 Feb. 2007. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. New York: Bantam, 1981. 67-69. Print.

Role Of Professional And Managerial Skills Management Essay

Role Of Professional And Managerial Skills Management Essay Management can be defined as manage all organisational function that are sales, finance and marketing, etc. Management can be decision what to do and then perform through their stuff. And a manager can be explaining as someone who is responsible for the management of whole organization. He has also power to move stuff to do things. Armstrong M. (1999) That means a manager main task to lead the whole team in an organisation. Manager is attention to deal with their stuff and all kinds of customers. Manager has responsible to communicate with people, team builders, innovation and supervision of stuff and successfully develop every project within dead line. The main managerial skill concerned with planning of every project in organisation, direction of the work, allocation of responsibility, controlling, implementing, monitoring and evaluation, etc. Javed (2009) Here identify some professional and managerial skill or experience in following areas: Communicating with other people The great deal of manager and most of the time he spent to communication with internal and external all people and stuff. For communication of other people or stuff or customer, first need to influence of those people, listening and asking question, writing report and presentation skill. For influence people by manager there are many basic influencing skill are available. The most common influencing method is attracting people by given ideas that are conveying the managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s enthusiasm. For this reason people feel to taking part of this project. Another method that are observing and listening of other people what they want to say. Try to draw the plan in other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view. And at the same time join own view with their. And another common method is asserting that means explain the views in direct ways, clearly and always assertive statement. Swinton Another communication method is report writing in logical structure where reader can find sequence of section in every view and continuing in from introduction to conclusion. In this report should be included from introduction, the analysis, the diagnosis and beneficial recommendation and then planning for action and at last conclusion with executive summery. This report should be written in plain word in familiar word without any ambiguity that can be readers can easily understand. For communication it needs to be better presentation. For good presentation, there are techniques are available that are first need to collect information, then decision what need to say. Then need making structure of the speech. And it also remember of the timing of the speech, no more time taking that are look like boring. And at last deliver the presentation with pace and in conversational way. Team work / Team Building For successfully develop any project in every organisation in need to a sound team group. To build a group, this is responsible for managerial body. It is need to first identify the group behaviour that means who are work together for a specific project. And also determine the functions that are carrying by team member. There are many major function accomplish by team member that are decision making, information collecting, action taking action and summarizing the work , setting of standardization and work together with co-operatively. For develop or building a team group there must be follow some stages that are first need to create forming of the group. By forming it can be realize the dependence on the manager or leader. And also understand the acceptable behaviour from the team member. Then need to storming, norming for increase the cooperation and at last performing the problem for solved. Control Controlling means monitoring and measuring the performance, always compare that work are running according to the plan and also taking action if necessary. Barnett . And control means compare the planning and actual performance. For good control of team group it needs to take plan with aims and objectives, monitoring regularly and take activity for reached to the correct destination. Time management Time management means controlling the most valuable resource of company that means good scheduling of time for compilation of the project. By proper timing management, it can be possible effective project planning. Timing management can remove wastage of time, good preparation for any meeting with other people, approaching plan with effectively in every moment. It can also help to allocate all kind of resources especially form time. Time management is most important for long term project schedule. Blair Some time poor time management is the cause of failure of the project by over confidence. Managerial skill in Motivation Motivating for his stuff is the basic responsibility of a manager. Without motivating properly, it is nothing would be created. For motivating of employee is more challenging work for a manger. In motivation, there are include recognition, work achievement and all over responsibility for employee. Flexibility By using flexibility, it can be assured how and when project will be done. It can give the overall effectiveness of the project. In flexibility there are include schedule flexibility, flexible place and work cooperation and careers flexibility. Supervision Supervision means monitoring the day to day operation and maintenance for project improvement that are related in administration and management of the faculty. Here also prioritized for provide training in stuff if necessary or co ordination of the stuff. Always need to monitoring requirements of the stuff and review work flow that means its progresses. Innovation Innovation leads to the commercial idea of the manager that is important requirements for successful development of project. There are mainly two role of the innovation of the manager that are operational innovation for specifies the area of company and chief innovation to secure the resources of the company. Meeting deadline A successful project depend on its objectives, complete in target date and target budget with maintain standard strategy. That are deadline is the part of every project. Co-ordinating Co-ordinating means the task are carried by the stuff and mesh together for to achieve the project goal. Co-ordination need because individual work needs to be synchronized. And this synchronization is done by the managers that need to be skill and experiences. In co-ordination it involves planning, organising, monitoring and communicating. Managerial Effectiveness A management style always is proactive or supportive for every stuff and customer. And reactive behaviour of a manager cannot expect. Management style are very from one organization to another organization McCrimmon(2007) In old management style Manager does not want to share his knowledge with other stuff. He thinks that he only knows everything. All innovation conducted through the manager, and does not like the team work All controlling power is conducted from manager. That his main job is control the other stuff. In new management style Planning and deciding all projects effectively. An effective management style always tries to prioritising that means classifying the significance of the work. Organising the whole task that are synchronisation the work. Delegating other people when he have not enough time Co-ordination is also controls from manager that are individual action are sequenced properly. To identify the managerial effectiveness it needs to be understood the skill or behaviour and project result. The measurement of effectiveness and performance therefore compare expectations about achievement and behaviour with actual results and behaviour. Analysis the managerial effectiveness The ability to acquire the successful result is called managerial effectiveness that means ability of the leaders. To find the result effectively, here describe the manager skill and experience that he apply for achieve desired result. To make a effective manager, need to combining of technology, stuff, and proper skill and experienced to make proper model of a leadership. In proper skill means technical skill in specialized training of a unique task include skill stuff to motivate and delegate roles to solve problem quickly and communicate properly with all other team member. And an effective manager also has knowledge about conceptual skill that means understand the every components of the company that how they are work together. He has ability to visualize a future course of action based on present company. Also have a concept about the interrelationship of the company among different stuff. Heller (1998) As an example of managerial effective can be say that a project of marketing spearheaded. In this project, a financial manager can be better understood the result then the marketing manager. So it is need to specific choice for overall performance of the company. Managerial effectiveness also creates the product competition against rival company and increase opportunities for future enterprise. Attitude, value and behaviour of change agent A change agent is someone who supports the change that are undertaking. But also need to understand the detailed operation, process, system and people in a specific are that the change will be implemented. Newton (2007) The attitude, value and behaviour of a change agent are reflect are describe at the below: Change agent can understand the difference between the request state and present state. Beer (2003) Agent can be understand, how can operate an organization. The starting point for change is really how the organization operates and to know how process actually work. Only individual with direct and current experience of the process can provide this understanding. Change agent has ability to develop team group and can be synchronize together customer and create effective working team group. They also communicate with the outside of organization to maintaining appropriate network skill. They can handle all uncertain environments and can tolerant of ambiguity. Change agent has strong communication skill to communicate with other team member to reach the project goal. They have strong interpersonal skill that means listening to others problem, information collection, and selection idea and arrange meeting. Evaluation of an effective change agent Change agents are look like leaders who conduct the company and its team group without regarding the conventional hierarchy. Sometimes this change agent is free from their daily routine task for maintaining soundly leading of the company and driving change. They develop new procedure for train the stuff and act as main role model for better ways to work. Change agent spends their half of time in a project to advising manager that how to improve performance, auditing progressing and look up areas that are undergoing in change. For evaluating of an effective change agent, it needs to articulate the change. Change agents are accepted by others as trustworthy and competent and try to motivate people to change. Find out who people listen to and change agent lead with the power of their ideas, but this may be not be stuff with other formal authority to lead. Take close look at new employees who have come from outside the circle of traditional competitors. They may not be infected with the same mind- set as everyone else.

Difficulties discussing patient sexual health

Difficulties discussing patient sexual health Hesitancy In Taking History From A Female Client Sexuality assessment and counseling are part of the nurse’s professional role, but only few nurses integrate this awareness into practice in a proper way. Getting a sexual history is an inbuilt piece of the client meeting, however, numerous health care professionals neglect to address this subject with their clients. This could be credited to distress that numerous healthcare professionals may have with the subject (Shukla, Yourchock Coutcher, 2013). During my community rotation of reproductive health at Salimabad colony, the family I was assigned to was a 4 membered family living in 2 adjacent apartments with 4 bedrooms. Only one lady was at home with whom I conducted my interview. She was the mother of 3 daughters. I started with the general components of history, such as information about their family members, their education, and their health status etc. She was responding to my questions in a decent manner without any hesitation. After that I asked the client about the problems related to her reproductive health. Her reply was pretty awkward. She replied that I don’t know how to explain it to you because you are a male student. I felt very uncomfortable with her reply that I didn’t even try to intervene in between and explore more about her concerns. At the time of the incident I felt terrible and disregarded. I found the response of the client very bizarre. I also felt helpless because at that time I was not able to figure out that what I should say to the client to make her comfortable. In the wake of confronting the dismissal from the patient, numerous questions popped into my brain. First and foremost, what made the client so uncomfortable? After all I told her that the information won’t be disclosed to an irrelevant person. Secondly, why did I hesitate to intervene to make the client comfortable? Moreover, why didn’t the client realize that I was there to help her? If she’d tell me about her problems than I could’ve guided her about the solutions. I reflected and analyzed the possible causes because of which the incident occurred. According to Magnan, Reynolds Galvin (2005), various hindrances exist to consolidating thought of patient sexuality into nursing practice, including individual, institutional, patient-related variables and Personal elements, for example, nurses’ attitudes about sexuality and sexual behavior. There are a lot of barriers concerning poor healthcare like, social, religious, cultural and economic. Among these socio-cultural is the most crucial. In a developing country like Pakistan, the culture and religion have more significance than any other aspect of life. According to Walston (2005), Involving men in reproductive health is particularly challenging in countries whose culturally defined gender roles may hinder men’s participation. For establishing an effective and therapeutic communication, it is necessary for a healthcare professional to overcome these barriers. To overcome these issues, the healthcare professional shouldn’t be hesitant while taking the history about reproductive health. According to Jayasuriya Dennick (2011), there are many barriers within the learner. The first and the foremost is the deficiency of knowledge. A few students omit a sexual history in light of the fact that they dont comprehend its applicability to a specific clinical situation. It is less demanding to ask an intrusive question if one comprehends the pertinence of the inquiry and is thus ready to advocate it – both to oneself and to the client. The second barrier within the learner is problems with terminology. In sexual history-taking, students may be confronted with vocabulary or behavior with which they are unfamiliar. According to Jayasuriya Dennick (2011), students may be hesitant to seek clarification, particularly where sexual activity is concerned, for fear of appearing sexually inexperienced, or unversed in sexual behavior. The third barrier is the concern about patient’s perception of student. Students some of the time express worry about picking up clients trust or bringing on offense by their inquiries (Jayasuriya Dennick 2011). The other set of barriers is barriers within the learning environment. The most significant barrier of this set is cultural barriers. According to Jayasuriya Dennick (2011), in some cultures, sex is allied by shame. This feeling of taboo penetrates into medical culture as well. Indeed, healthcare professionals who do talk about sexual wellbeing may limit themselves to medical’ issues such as infections, while evading issues relating to sexual lifestyle. While reflecting on my role, I realized that I shouldn’t have kept quiet. I shouldn’t have hesitated and should’ve intervened and said something to make the client comfortable. I should’ve shown professionalism which might have helped the client understand and realize the purpose of taking the sexual history. If I encounter similar situations in the future, I’ll try not to hesitate and along with that I’ll try to make the patient comfortable by telling her the significance of taking the reproductive health history. After studying the literature now I know that for an effective communication, health care providers should respect the feelings, sexual values, lifestyle and social norms and limitations of the client. And they should have the current knowledge about regarding sexual health. In addition, talking about reproductive health can be difficult for clients and health care providers as well, but continuous practicing and use of effective skills can promote communication and it will also help to ensure the best possible care (Association of reproductive health professionals April, 2008). As we know that students learn a lot from clinical experiences so for that purpose, students could watch a specialist take a sexual history from a client or they could watch a video of the same methodology or they could partake in a role-play activity (Jayasuriya Dennick 2011). In conclusion, involvement of male in reproductive health is also necessary as female health care providers to promote a healthy sexual life. Male involvement in reproductive health can be achieved through the use of effective therapeutic communication skills, training and practice, current knowledge regarding reproductive health so that a better role can be played as a nurse. References Magnan, M., Reynolds, K., Galvin, E. (2005). Barriers to addressing patient sexuality in nursing practice.Medsurg Nursing,14(5), 282. Shukla, V., Yourchock, B., Coutcher, M. (2013). Overcoming Barriers Regarding Sexual History Taking: Case Reports.Journal Of Therapy Management In HIV Infection,1(2), 3639. Walston, N. (2005). Challenges and opportunities for male involvement in reproductive health in Cambodia.Phnom Penh: POLICY Project/Cambodia. Jayasuriya, A., Dennick, R. (2011). Sexual history-taking: using educational interventions to overcome barriers to learning.Sex Education,11(01), 99112. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. (2008, April).What You Need to Know Talking to Patients About Sexuality and Sexual Health. Retrieved from http://http://www.arhp.org/uploadDocs/sexandsexfactsheet.pdf

Biracially Raised Children Essay -- Research Papers Ethnicity Race Pap

Biracially Raised Children According to 2000 U.S. census, 2.4 % of the US population which report themselves as people who have two or more races. (United States). The number of interracial couples has reached to 1.6 million, which account for almost 4 % of U.S. marriages. ( Fletcher, par. 3 ). In a melting pot country like the United States, where immigration and emigration rates are high, inter-cultural marriage has become an inevitable by- product of mobility. Interracial marriage refers to a marriage which consists of couples with two different racial backgrounds. For example, a Chinese women married to an American. While the intermarried couples have to adapt their racial differences, their cultural background would assert a significant influence on the development of their offspring. In addition, society has also held different views on them. Children raised in a interracial family are often believed to encounter problems like a feelings of alienation, a sense of low-esteem, loss of self- identity, cultu re and tradition, which may cause personality disorders and affect the child’s social behaviors. However, there are also positive assumptions about biracial children like better language ability and higher adaptability to the society. In my research paper, I will look into how intermarriage influences the development of a child and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of a child raised in a family with different racial backgrounds. Identity is a fundamental question that intrudes in biracial children’s minds. Since a biracial child usually inherits some traits from the maternal side and some from the paternal side, a biracial child is an amalgam of both races. Therefore, a seemingly simple question, â€Å"Who are you... ...nded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College Library, 1 Nov. 2004, Romano, Dugan. Intercultural Marriage : Promises & Pitfall. 2nd ed. Yarmouth, ME : Intercultural Press,1997. Root, Maria P. P. Love's Revolution : Interracial Marriage. Philadelphia, PA: Temple UP, 2001 Rose, Caroline. â€Å"Potential Role Conflicts in Black-White Marriages.† Interracial marriage: Expectation and Realities. Ed. Stuart, Edwin. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1973. Rosenblatt, Terris Karis, and Richard Powell. Multiracial Couples : Black & White Voices. London, UK: Sage Publications, 1995. Sung, Betty Lee. Chinese American Intermarriage. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1990. United States, Bereau of the Census, â€Å"Source U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts. Data derived from Population Estimates, 2000 Census of Population and Housing.†, 9 July 2004, 5 Nov.,2004,

Salmonella :: essays research papers fc

Description Salmonella is an intestinal infection caused by Salmonella enterica bacteria. You can become infected by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella or by touching infected pets. In rarer cases, Salmonella infection can also be carried in medical products that were derived from contaminated animals. Before a Salmonella infection can begin, somewhere between 100,000 and 100,000,000 Salmonella enterica bacteria must actually be swallowed. Salmonella bacteria invade the intestinal wall, where they trigger inflammation. They also produce irritating intestinal poisons. In some rare cases, Salmonella bacteria may enter the bloodstream and settle in tissues and organs far away from the intestines. This spread of Salmonella infection is most common in infants, in the elderly, and in patients whose immune defenses are weakened. Symptoms After someone has eaten food contaminated with Salmonella bacteria, it usually takes 8 to 48 hours for symptoms to begin. Symptoms of Salmonella include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and muscle aches. Prevention You can prevent Salmonella by thoroughly cooking all meats, ground beef, poultry and eggs, and by promptly refrigerating all leftovers. Whenever silverware has touched raw meat, wash these items thoroughly with soap and water. Also, avoid eating eggs that are raw or partially cooked. Frequent hand washing is particularly important, especially after using the rest room. Treatment Doctors do not usually prescribe antibiotics, since patients typically recover on their own in a few days. Since many strains of Salmonella are resistant to one or more antibiotics, a patient may be treated initially with one antibiotic, then switched to a second antibiotic if it doesn’t work. Prognosis Most patients with Salmonella recover within 5 to 10 days; however, they may continue to pass Salmonella bacteria in their stool for up to 2 months. Salmonella :: essays research papers fc Description Salmonella is an intestinal infection caused by Salmonella enterica bacteria. You can become infected by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella or by touching infected pets. In rarer cases, Salmonella infection can also be carried in medical products that were derived from contaminated animals. Before a Salmonella infection can begin, somewhere between 100,000 and 100,000,000 Salmonella enterica bacteria must actually be swallowed. Salmonella bacteria invade the intestinal wall, where they trigger inflammation. They also produce irritating intestinal poisons. In some rare cases, Salmonella bacteria may enter the bloodstream and settle in tissues and organs far away from the intestines. This spread of Salmonella infection is most common in infants, in the elderly, and in patients whose immune defenses are weakened. Symptoms After someone has eaten food contaminated with Salmonella bacteria, it usually takes 8 to 48 hours for symptoms to begin. Symptoms of Salmonella include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and muscle aches. Prevention You can prevent Salmonella by thoroughly cooking all meats, ground beef, poultry and eggs, and by promptly refrigerating all leftovers. Whenever silverware has touched raw meat, wash these items thoroughly with soap and water. Also, avoid eating eggs that are raw or partially cooked. Frequent hand washing is particularly important, especially after using the rest room. Treatment Doctors do not usually prescribe antibiotics, since patients typically recover on their own in a few days. Since many strains of Salmonella are resistant to one or more antibiotics, a patient may be treated initially with one antibiotic, then switched to a second antibiotic if it doesn’t work. Prognosis Most patients with Salmonella recover within 5 to 10 days; however, they may continue to pass Salmonella bacteria in their stool for up to 2 months.

Institutional Racism and Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Health Care System Essay

Institutional racism and racial discrimination in the U.S. health care system has been part of a long continuum dating back over 400 years. After hundreds of years of active discrimination, efforts were made to admit minorities into the â€Å"mainstream† health system but these efforts were flawed. Colin Gordon in his book Dead on Arrival portrays a very strong stance towards this issue when he states, â€Å"The American welfare state has always been, at root, a Jim Crow welfare state – disdainful of citizenship claims of racial minorities, deferential to a southern-controlled Congress, and leery of the racial implications of universal social programs† (172). It is evident that throughout the history of U.S. health care that race has shaped health provisions in a number of ways, most noticeably in private and public health care institutions. Gordon throughout his books discusses the ways in which institutional racism, specifically in the field of healthcare, has manifested itself throughout history. One of the most prominent manifestations of institutional racism in the healthcare field comes to light when examining past (and sometimes present) policies regarding admission (to healthcare facilities) and discrimination of minorities. It is evident when observing the adoption, administration, and implementation of these policies in the past that they were purposefully constructed to be exclusive of minority citizens (specifically African Americans and Latinos). Gordon gives an example of such policies in 1939 under the Social Security reforms. In the formative years of the New Deal southerners in Congress pushed for and won for the exclusion of agricultural and domestic labor from coverage under the National Recovery, Agricultural Adjustment, Social Security, National Labor Relations, and Fair Labor Standards act, this affectively excluded 90 percent of the southern black workforce (185). The implications of this act of agricultural exclusion are most clearly evident in the South and Southwest—regions whose economies were dominated by agriculture, who agriculture systems were peculiarly labor intensive, and whose agricultural labor markets were organized around low wages, tenancy, harsh legal controls, and violence. Gordon argues that segregation  persisted in medicine and hospitals longer than in any other public institution or facility partly due to the fact that Southern Congressmen pushed for local control of any federal expenditure; and later on this pushed Southern and Southwestern leaders into a partnership with doctors, employers, and insurers to keep racial minorities excluded from the health system. Southern interests led to a push for job-based private insurance, locally administered subsidies for hospital construction, and penurious charitable programs for those left behind, â€Å"southerners persistently worked to exclude African Americans from coverage, tap into federal funds without sacrificing local practices, and ensure that charity programs remained under local control† (174). Employment-based benefits, initially developed as a surrogate for national policy, was successful in leaving behind the majority of African Americans and Latinos due to the fact that they were grossly underrepresented in the unionized industrial economy, and in part because benefits such as these did not extend to casual or domestic or agricultural workers. Private health benefits came to be looked upon by many Americans as a â€Å"wage of white-ness† (176). Federal agencies, both out of practical and political necessity, consistently surrendered control over federal funds and standards over to state and local administration, â€Å"states set their own standards for care and eligibility and controlled the pace and scope of federal matching funds. Local political and medical authorities wielded considerable informal power and discretion† (187). In 1948 the Brookings Institution published a book-length assault on health reform. The conclusion of this publication was that higher black mortality rates are â€Å"predominately the result of economic, cultural and social differences† although, the research for this publication based cost estimates off of the ordinary expenditures of white families and confined comparative mortality rates to the white population, this led to them to conclude that the United States was among one of the most healthful nations in the world (188). Seconding this conclusion and also asserting that higher rates of non-white mortality were due to such things as poor sanitation, housing, education, and the lack of ordinary individual and community common sense was the AMA. The partnership between these two organizations is evident. At the root of the hospital issue in the South was not only professional and patient segregation but also the way in which it was countenanced by federal efforts  to address the region’s dearth of facilities. What is shown here is the long-standing political strategy to try and appease reformers by granting federal funds but to simultaneously placate opponents by relinquishing control to local or private interests; federal aid to hospitals both in 1940 and under the 1946 Hill-Burton Act â€Å"avoided any commitment to maintenance: once built, hospitals would reflect local control and local custom† (193). This however did nothing to prevent segregation seeing as in order to be considered nondiscriminatory a hospital was only required to grant equal access to the portion of the hospital that was built with federal funds. Perhaps the most compelling public health issue during the formative years of the American welfare state was the dismal status of rural services. In places in the South and Southwest and the nation’s inner cities basic services such as a hospital, public health clinic, and a doctor accepting Medicaid patients did not even exist. Gordon offers the example in Mississippi in 1948, there were only five general hospital beds for every 100,000 blacks in the state—at a time when four beds for every 1,000 citizens was considered adequate (175). It is evident that health care in the twentieth century has been shaped by a myriad of â€Å"direct and indirect discrimination, strong southern interests and local administration, the uneasy intersection of public and private (job-based) benefits, and the sharp political distinctions routinely drawn between contributory and charitable programs† (209). According to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, â€Å"Despite the existence of civil rights legislation equal treatment and equal access are not a reality for racial/ethnic minorities and women in the current climate of the health care industry. Many barriers limit both the quality of health care and utilization for these groups, including †¦ discrimination.† Importance of Health Care Access to comprehensive, quality health care services is important for the achievement of health equity and for increasing the quality of a healthy life for everyone. Access to health services entails the timely utilization of personal health services in an effort to achieve the best possible health outcomes. The utilization of and access to health care has many substantial impacts on a person’s life. A person’s overall physical, social and mental health statuses are all impacted by the ability to be examined and treated by a medical professional. Health care also plays a significant role in the prevention of disease and disability, the detection and treatment of health conditions and a person’s quality of life. A structured healthcare system assists in providing a foundation for a healthy lifestyle for both individuals and their families. Without access to healthcare, minor health issues have the potential to escalate either permanently affecting living standards or worse resulting in death. The health care sector also has an impact on the local economy. Health care facilities such as hospitals and nursing homes provide jobs and income to people in the community. As these employees spend their income in the community, a ripple spreads throughout the economy, creating additional jobs and income in other economic sectors. Also, providing healthcare may also be a business incentive to companies. Healthy employees can mean a healthier, happier, more productive workplace. A company’s decision to invest in and offer health care to their employees not only filters back into the economy but also may help them to recruit and retain quality employees, improve employee satisfaction, and reduce absenteeism due to sickness. Business that offer health insurance as part of their employee benefits package are probably better able to attract more qualified applicants than those who don’t. Also, offering health insurance coverage is a way of keeping operating costs low, because employees are generally more apt to take a position at a lower salary when health insurance benefits are provided. This is because it generally costs more for someone to obtain an individual or family health insurance policy than to get employer-sponsored coverage, making the difference of a lower salary negotiable. Businesses offering health insurance can deduct their portion of the contribution toward their employee plan as a business expense and get a tax advantage. If the business is incorporated, the business owner’s insurance and the coverage paid for employees are deductible. Access to health care services and insurance plays a vital role in individual and families lives along side society as a whole.

Comparison Contrast of Death of a Salesman and Glengarry Ross

Sasha Schmidt Midterm Essay Question 4 Jeannine Russell 10/28/12 The True Criminal Being a salesman has always carried a negative stigma since the early 1900s. Being seen as pushy, high pressure, deceitful people; the dreaded activity of purchasing some car or new appliance has haunted everyone at some point or another. Many words have come to describe salesman such as â€Å"sharks†, â€Å"cons†, â€Å"thieves† etc. , and these words have stuck with the profession throughout the century. Two very realistic depictions of such phonies can be seen in Death of A Salesman by Arthur Miller and Glengarry Glen Ross by David Mamet.They depict the styles of two salesmen who have very similar selling techniques, but at the same time can be contrastingly different. Willy Loman, the protagonist of Death of a Salesman, is often regarded as a tragic figure with whom the audience feels sympathetic. At the same time, his deceitful, dishonest, adulterous ways are despised. In addi tion to this, his over confident attitude seems supercilious and creates more of a disdain for the character as can be seen when he says â€Å"Goddammit, I could sell them! † (Miller 1071). The same can be said as Mamet’s character, Shelly Levene, starts declaring how great of a seller he was.Basking in his own light he boldly exclaims that his success as a salesman is due not to his luck but his skill†( Mamet 1419). Both characters often times talk about how back in the day they were great assets of the company â€Å"averaging a hundred and seventy dollars a week in commissions† (p. 1089) and â€Å"Cold calling. Nothing. Sixty-five, when we were there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mamet 1419). Both characters meet their tragic ends as they realize that their deceitful and deceptive nature, the facade of great selling they lived behind, is a shattered reality. All both of them want is a chance and to live like they did in the old days and both are denied the chance.Whil e their characters mimic each other, the selling techniques of these two are completely different. Willy’s approach is to go in making natural conversation and the client feel as if they are human. Much to his chagrin is the new reality he is facing, where â€Å"it’s all cut and dried, and there’s no chance for bringing friendship to bear†(Miller 1089). In contrast, Levene takes on the role of â€Å"cut and dried† sales techniques, often using his other associates as pretend clients in order to just make the sell, whether or not he’s tricking extorting money out of his clients.Right from the beginning, he is trying to con â€Å"leads† out of Williamson, his supervisor. â€Å"†¦ I need the leads†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , he boldly tells Williamson who reluctantly begins to make him a deal (Mamet 1418). Right from the get go, Leven is already using the manipulation techniques he uses day in and day out on his co-workers even. Loman pushes hi s honest, integrity, and personality traits as the key to selling success, though we see an obvious decline in his selling abilities compared to the others. That being said, both characters are still very flawed with illusions of owning their own companies and waiting for the right client to come along.They both still have some nasty personality traits and are still putting on a facade to trick people; however, Willy Loman is tricking his family while Shelly Levene is tricking his consumers. Hard selling is a selling technique in which the salesman manipulates the psychological state of the consumer in order to achieve a sale, whether or not the sale is good (Baron & Branscombe). There is little concern for the consumer at all, in fact, often times the seller knows that the consumer is going to be placed into a bad situation, but they specifically rely on the ego-depletion of these buyers.They use a variation of techniques such as door-in-the-face and foot-in-the door just to name a few (Baron & Branscombe). Miller and Mamet depict this from the salesman’s side. They place this psychologically demanding technique at fault of the company, who requires them to sell a goal amount or face termination from the job. Such fear could incite higher pressure selling techniques, which actually make the consumer and the seller feel uncomfortable.Mamet and Miller criticize such deceptive techniques through their plays, highlighting the negative effects (the destruction of the central unit) and exacerbating the flaws of the technique. The role of a salesman has been part of America since the very beginning. With its recent revolution in the 1900s, it has now been associated with a negative stereotype often depicted by movies, literature, and plays. While there might be individual differences in the selling techniques, sellers are all perceived the same: dishonest, deceitful, and as con artists.Such a stigma created by their lack of concern after the sell has been mad e often reconfirms this stereotype. These prejudices notwithstanding, society often places a high demand on consumerism to help the economy and pushing the achievement of the American dream. Miller and Mamet uncover the treacheries of the salesman industry leaving the question as to whom the true criminal is : society or the salesman. Works Cited Jacobus, Lee A. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. Print. Baron, Robert A. , and Nyla R. Branscombe. Social Psychology. Boston: Pearson, 2012. Print.

How does music affect your heart beat? Essay

The heart is a vital organ in the human body. Though only the size of the fist, it pumps blood to the rest of the body by rhythmic expansion and relaxation. The frequency of this cardiac cycle is measured by the term heart rate. The heart rate is the number of contractions (beats) of the heart in a minute. The heart rate tends to increase with response to a wide variety of conditions like vigorous physical activity or according to our hypothesis, music. Music has an arousal effect which is related to its frequency and tempo. Slow or meditative music can induce a relaxing effect and thus put the psychological sense in rest. Music may be used as an alternative technique of relaxation or meditation. Recent research suggests slow music influences a person’s relaxation, and that musical pauses modulate heart rhythms (in a good way). The researchers found that music with faster tempos resulted in increased ventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure. When the music was paused, ventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure decreased, sometimes below the beginning rate. Slower music caused declines in heart rate, with raga music influencing the largest decline. Overall, researchers agreed that the style of music wasn’t as important as its pace. Music has also been shown to reduce stress, benefit athletic performance, and enhance motor function in people with neurological impairments. So turn up the volume and chill out. Listening to music can influence your heart rate and how fast you breathe – especially if you’re a trained musician, a new study indicates. Listening to faster music with a more upbeat tempo has the opposite effect – speeding up respiration and heart rate. The results support a growing body of research on the potential stress-reducing health benefits of music, the researchers say. In the current study, Sleight and colleagues monitored breathing rate, blood  pressure and other heart and respiratory indexes in 24 healthy young men and women, before and while listening to short excerpts of different kinds of music. The music ranged from slow and fast classical compositions of differing complexities to rap. They also monitored the subjects during two minute musical intermissions. Half of the subjects were trained musicians and the other half had no musical training. The investigators report that listening to music initially produces varying levels of arousal – accelerated breathing, increased blood pressure and heart rate – that are directly proportional to the tempo of the music and perhaps the complexity of the rhythm. The style of the music or an individual’s music preference appears less important than the tempo of the music. They also found that calm is induced by slower rhythms and by short pauses or intermissions in the music. Pausing the music for two minutes actually induces a condition of relaxation greater than that observed before subjects began listening to the music tracks, the investigators report. Sleight suggests these effects are most striking for people who have musical training because they have learned to synchronise their breathing with the musical segments. â€Å"Musicians breathe faster with faster tempi, and had slower baseline breathing rates than non-musicians,† he says. The researchers speculate that music may give pleasure, and perhaps health  benefits, because it induces a controlled alteration between arousal and relaxation. They say the present study suggests that an appropriate selection of music – alternating fast and slower rhythms interspersed with pauses – can be used to induce relaxation and may therefore be beneficial in heart disease and stroke. References: above background information obtained from:Reader’s Digest December 2006Specific Research DesignWe will be measuring the heart rates of each subject to determine the effect of music on cardiovascular activity. In order to do this, we first must measure, using a heart rate monitor, the resting heart rate of the subject, as the control. Furthermore, the subject will be asked of their physical activity level, as well as to rank, in terms of preference, thefive genres of music to be used for testing. The subject will then be exposed to, sequentially, five genres of music: 20th century classical, ambient electronica, rock, metal, and rap. During each piece of music the heart rate of the subject will be recorded, and following each piece the subject’s heart will be allowed to return to resting heart rate to eliminate any sampling error that might otherwise occur. Which genre has the greatest effect on heart rate?Aim: To find out which genre of music has the greatest effect on heart rate. Hypothesis: I believe – from research, that either house or rock will get the heart rate going the most. Apparatus:Heart-rate Monitor: This object is usually a strap attached to the person’s chest with electrodes in contact with skin, which detects the hearts voltages. Once these are detected, they are then sent to the receiver through radio signals, which is usually around the wrist. The receiver uses these findings to determine the subject’s heart rate. iPod: This device will be used to expose the subject to the 7 different pieces of music throughout the experiment and at the same volume at 2mins  each song. The Human: The people tested are all between the ages of 18-23 and similar physique to keep a somewhat constant. We are also taking into account their favourite type of music based off of the seven choices we give them to see if this affects the way they react to the stimulus of the music. We are also considering their physical condition, for this will influence the heart’s activity. Method:Step 1. The volunteer was allowed to rest for 1 minute while seated. Step 2. The volunteer’s heart rate was measured using the LifeSource heart rate/blood pressure monitor. Step 3. The first music track was played using a CD player. When the track was completed, the volunteer’s heart rate was recorded. Step 4. The volunteer’s heart rate was recorded after playing each of the 7 music tracks. The music tracks were played consecutively, in the same order for each volunteer as follows:a) Acoustic: No Other Way by Jack Johnsonb) Blues/Jazz: Georgia On My Mind by Ray Charlesc) Classical: Leave No Man Behind by Hans Zimmerd) House/Electronica: La Musique by Riot In Belgiume) Hip-Hop: Don’t Matter by Akonf) R&B: Stronger by Kanye Westg) Rock: Start Me Up by the Rolling StonesVariables:Controlled: Ipod, volume, songs, heart rate monitor, time of music play, volunteer’s age bracket and gender. Dependent: Heart rate of volunteers measured in beats per minute. Independent: The songs played, time of play, different volunteer. This shows that the tempo is like the human heart and how it beats. Conclusion:From the experiment, I found that the genre of Dance, House/Electronica had the most affect on heart rate with an average of 69.7 beats per min. The genre of Classical music had the least affect on the heart rate with an average of 57.3 beats per min. Bibliography: Reader’s Digest, sciencebuddies.org, www.uncp.edu, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/, agsci.eliz.tased.edu.au, Encarta, sonybmg.com.au, musiclab.com, Mozart.org/