Empirical Research Essay -- science

Empirical ResearchEmpirical research is defined by the context of two separate types of study. Both methods are of rate to the researcher in his/her quest for better understanding of the test subjects. However, cor comparisonal and experimental studies each has its own set of qualifications which allow for differences in subject and matter. Scientifically, few of these are useful, though others could be viewed as problematic. Correlational research is the process of studying the relationship between two variables. The examiner does not manipulate a relational study. Findings can either be positive, negative, or unrelated. Though scientific in the final statistical manner the researcher uses his senses to observe and ultimately delimit into which category a study falls. A positive coefficient of correlation shows increases in both variables. Alternately, negative correlation looks at the increase in one variable, and the relation to the decrease in the other variable. There has to be an association between the two, or the result is unrelational. The scientific element to a correlational study is a measurable expression of degree defined as the correlational coefficient. It is a practical technique that gives a representation to the study. Numbers correspond with the level of correlation from a negative one demonstrating a perfect negative correlation, to positive one, showing a precise positive correlation. A zero on this interpret would indicate no relation, or an unrelational cor...

Asian Values: Do they exist? Essay examples -- Economics

Asian Values Do they exist?On the face of it, the institution of Asian Values seems illusory.After the humiliation of the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis, the soundingof the death knell for the Asian-values debate seemed imminent. Yetwith the recent ascension of China as an economic superpower andsimilar economic miracles in the East, some began to speculate aboutAsian Values and its inherent superiority in the political, economicand societal structures in countries.Asian values can be termed as a set of values shared by people ofmany different nationalities and ethnicities backup in East andSoutheast Asia. Often seen in the context of religion, Taoism, Islamand Buddhism have fashioned or persuaded the basis of many values.Despite some minor differences in the value systems of thesereligions, they generally agree on certain areas. These include astress on the community rather than the individual, a reliance on the object lesson fabric of human relations and conventions, a particular emphasison thriftiness and hard work, and a respect for political leadershipamongst others. In assign to examine whether these Asian values stillhave credence in todays world, we must look at four areas of studythe influence of globalization, the policies of government, adoptionof Asian values into economics, and the changing social fabric ofAsia.There can be no doubt that globalization in the past decades has had aprofound influence on the traditional v...

The Valley Girl in Buffy the Vampire Slayer :: TV Television Show Essays

The stereotypical valley girl would have to be one of my longstanding favourite characters in both(prenominal) television and film. With the valley girl known for often being the quintessential universality queen, it may not seem so obvious to include the Buffy we know at present as part of the valley girl hall of fame. But one only has to go back to the 1992 film, Buffy the Vampire Slayer to observe the full extremity of Buffys bleach blonde valley girl roots. To place Buffy within the larger category of the valley girl, first one must have an sympathy of what exactly this means. Undoubtedly, the valley girl is a product of the eighties, or at least a character that was crystallised and labelled during this period, and she has been a significant movement in teen films and television ever since. It has come to my attention that there has been a definite change, or evolution over the last two decades, of the living, suspire barbie doll otherwise known as the valley girl. A nd, it seems, this evolution of the valley girl within teen film and television can be traced done the character of Buffy Summers, starting from her first appearance on the big screen in 1992.For my purposes, the term valley girl is useful in reference to a expressage spectrum of popular teen girls in film and television, who, despite originating in name from the location of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, 1 are not strictly limited or restricted to being natives of this particular site. Often alarmingly oblivious to many basic concepts of social etiquette, the valley girl is the ultra-feminine, two-dimensional character place by an abundance of material possessions and surface features that are highly prized by herself and her peers. Some of the basic, essential signifiers of the valley girl can be extracted from examination of valley girls over time who have manipulated the following1) POPULARITY which is often directly linked to the valley girl also being a cheerleade r (often team captain, of course) and/or prom queen. Although, sometimes basic popularity is pure and simple enough.2) CASH SUPPLY generous funds, namely daddys credit card, often help with gaining or retaining popular status, and is especially important for its contribution to the following,3) THE WARDROBE often filled with the latest fashion trends and designer labels. The valley girl must be well-versed in knowing what is now, retro, and the dreaded zone of five minutes ago.

The Concept of Death and Afterlife in W.B.Yeats Byzantium and Sailing

I. INTRODUCTIONEvery soulfulness shall have a taste of death. That brings us to a question of what death really is. by and large speaking, the basic concept of the process so called death is build up on the facts that this process starts when the heart stop its work to pump the blood which leads to the creative thinker damage and the failure of the whole systems of human body. When all the system or the functions of human organs are out of work, the body itself becomes disembodied spiritless or dead.Furthermore, fit to the ghostly points of view, being dead, as we mention above does not mean that the journey of human soul has come to an end. On the contrary once the soul left the body, it will transform into another living form and will live until the judgment day arrives.?When all sequence comes to an end, time comes to an end, and the soul puts on the rhythmic or spiritual or luminous body and contemplates all the events of its memory and every possible impulse in an eternal possession of itself in one single moment. That condition is alone animate, all the rest is phantasy, and from thence came all the passions, and some have held, the very heat of the body?.(Norman, A. Jaffares. 1984, p.333)Apart from religious definition of death above, in fact Yeats is neither orthodoxy religious nor orthodoxy scientific. He has his own science, which is an occult one, and his own religion or sophisticated lower mythology and in prose he sometimes reconciles them at the level of mystic. His tolerance in religions resulted in inconsistent and ambiguous attitude as reflected in his Byzantium and Sailing to Byzantium.II. RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES have-to doe with2.1 Christian DoctrineOn the matter of death, according to Christian doctrine of man, God created hu... ... go through relieving its earthly life and will be purified in purgatory. All the evil deeds in human soul will be cleansing so that the soul becomes respectable and pure again and subsequentlyward that the soul will be united with the body again and he rebirth to lead on earthly life. All the evil deeds and good deeds done in the previous life will done in the previous life will determine the condition of the present life, be it good or bad.The above concept of Yeats no doubt is idealized by him from mixing up the two doctrines Christian and Hinduism. In fact thither is no incarnation in Christian doctrine of man. When a man dies he will go for spiritual journey to heaven (of course after cleansing in purgatory) as suggested by the title Sailing to Byzantium. But W. B. Yeats is so impressed and influenced by Hinduism and may be his love for earthly life so he wants to be incarnated.

A Separate Peace :: essays research papers

end Too Often Leads to HateMany times in the world, differences have lead to hate. cogitate of Martin Luther King, for example, who stood for fighting against one of the largest differences. A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, is one of many examples of differences leading to hate. factor and Finny, who somehow managed to become friends, have completely several(predicate) views of each different. Finny wanted to be friends with Gene, but had trouble facing the reality that Gene felt differently. Gene became jealous over Finnys difference to himself. Difference has led to hate, once more, and pain has again resulted, first mentally and emotionally, then finally physically.Knowles creates Gene as one who always is strictly trying to stick to with the rules and regulations, always obeying his superiors completely different then that of Finnys personality. Over your head? Pink It makes you look like a fairy (909). Considering such, he envies Finny, because Finny can pound away wit h murder if he wanted to, and can stay out of trouble doing so. Phineas could get away with anything. I couldnt help envying hima shrimpy (909). Knowles shows how much jealousy Gene had over Finny s ability to stay out of trouble, no matter what he did. This time he wasnt going to get away with it. (909). He would rather be in accordance to the rules and be on his best behavior, than to be a rebel who goes against everything. Finny, on the other hand was more of a rebel. I wonder what would happen if I looked like a fairy to everyone. (909). Finny, more of a rebel, is very outgoing he, even so shows himself off as a perfect individual. One day at Devon, he gets into small dispute because he wore the school tie as a belt. This he frees himself from quickly, explaining, It goes with the shirt and it all ties togetherwith what weve been talking about, this bombing in Central Europe. (910). Complying with not only Devons rules and regulations, but also the standards of formal conduct , Gene has a strong instinct to follow order, guided by careful thought, which Knowles has implanted in him, throughout the text. Gene is a person who thinks before he acts. What was I doing up here anyway? Why did I let Finny talk me into stupid things like this? (906). He is an individualist with distinct and well-thought characteristics.

A Separate Peace :: essays research papers

Difference Too Often Leads to HateMany measures in the world, differences have lead to hate. Think of Martin Luther King, for example, who stood for fighting against one of the largest differences. A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, is one of many examples of differences leading to hate. Gene and Finny, who somehow managed to flex friends, have completely different views of each other. Finny wanted to be friends with Gene, scarcely had trouble facing the reality that Gene felt differently. Gene became jealous oer Finnys difference to himself. Difference has led to hate, once more, and pain has again resulted, first mentally and emotionally, then finally physically.Knowles creates Gene as one who constantly is strictly trying to comply with the rules and regulations, always obeying his superiors completely different then that of Finnys personality. Over your head? Pink It makes you look like a tabby (909). Considering such, he envies Finny, because Finny can get away with murder if he wanted to, and can stay out of trouble doing so. Phineas could get away with anything. I couldnt help envying hima little (909). Knowles shows how much jealousy Gene had over Finny s ability to stay out of trouble, no matter what he did. This time he wasnt going to get away with it. (909). He would rather be in accordance to the rules and be on his best behavior, than to be a rebel who goes against everything. Finny, on the other hand was more of a rebel. I wonder what would happen if I looked like a fairy to everyone. (909). Finny, more of a rebel, is very outgoing he, however shows himself off as a perfect individual. One day at Devon, he gets into small dispute because he wore the shallow tie as a belt. This he frees himself from quickly, explaining, It goes with the shirt and it all ties togetherwith what weve been talking about, this bombing in Central Europe. (910). Complying with not only Devons rules and regulations, but also the standards of formal conduct, Gene has a strong instinct to follow order, guided by careful thought, which Knowles has implanted in him, throughout the text. Gene is a person who thinks before he acts. What was I doing up here anyway? Why did I let Finny talk me into stupid things like this? (906). He is an single with distinct and well-thought characteristics.

Esssential of Negotiation

Helsinki School of Economics Advanced Negotiation Practices Course Book drumhead Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Lewicki, Roy J. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. 2001. Essentials of Negotiation 2nd Edition. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin Reviewed by Mohammad Moshtari February 2008 Book outline Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Book Introduction This book represents authors resolution to faculty who wanted a briefer version of the longer text, Negotiation. The objective of this shorter volume is to provide the reader with the core concepts dialogue in a more brief version.The book is organized into 9 chapters. The first four chapters introduce the reader to ? Negotiation Fundamentals?. The first chapter introduces the field of duettelogue and conflict management, describes the basic caper of interdependence with former(a)wise commonwealth, and briefly explores the problems of managing that interdependence. The second chapter introduces the concept of ? framing? o r how parties come to decide what a dialog is all about, and how parties need to plan for an future duologue.Chapter 3 and 4 then present the twain core onrushes to talkss the basic dynamics of competitive (win-loss) dicker (chapter 3) and the basic dynamics of integrative (win-win) negotiation (chapter 4). The b clubhouseing two chapters present two key sub processes of negotiation cognition and communication, and effect and persuasion. In chapter 5, basic processes of cognition and communication in negotiation is reviewed, especially communication dynamics is examined as well as a build of common cognition and judgment biases made by negotiants.In chapter 6, authors looked at the tools negotiants chiffonier single-valued function to pressure the other side, exploitation the tools of persuasion and power to get the other to change his or her perspective or give in to our arguments. The nigh two chapters review two key context elements of negotiation. In chapter 7, au thors examined the ethical context and standards that surround negotiation and create unique challenges for negotiators in deciding how in full and completely they argon going to disclose their dicker positions.In chapter 8, authors attempted to clarify how national subtletys around the world shape the diverse slip right smart parties get along negotiations. The last chapter emphasizes strategies that deal be used by the parties to resolve arrestd causes in the negotiation process. Chapter 9 explores the techniques that negotiators tummy use on their own to get negotiations plump for on track. Authors made some of related materials (secondary chapters) accessible on the World Wide Web (at www. mhhe. com/business/managment/lewicki) including social context of negotiation, multi caller negotiations or managing difficult negotiations theirs company approaches.The organization of the book also parallels more closely the organization of a companion volume, Negotiation Readings, Exercises and Cases by Roy J. Lewicki. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. Contents in Brief ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The genius of negotiation Negotiations framing, strategizing, and cookery Strategy and simulated military operations of allocable negotiation Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation Communication, perception and cognitive biases Finding and using negotiation leverage Ethics in negotiation Global negotiation Managing difficult negotiations indivi forked approaches Book synopsis Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 1 The nature of negotiation The structure and processes of negotiation atomic number 18 fundamentally the same at personal level as they argon at the diplomatic and corporate level. Negotiations occur for two reasons (1) to create something new that neither troupe could do on his or her own, (2) to resolve a problem or dispute between the parties. There are some(prenominal) characteristics common to all negotiation blots (1) in that r espect are two or ore parties, (2) there is a conflict of interest between them, (3) The parties negotiate duo to get a better deal (4) the parties, at least for a moment prefer to search for musical arrangement, (5) when they negotiate they expect to give and take, (6) conquestful negotiation involves the management of intangibles (such as need to look good) as well as resolving the tangibles (such as the terms of agreement) In negotiations both parties need to distributively one other. This situation of mutual dependency is called interdependence.Interdependent relationships are characterized by interlocking goals the parties need each other to accomplish their goals. The structure of the interdependence (wind-lose or win-win), determines the range of practical outcomes of the negotiation and suggests the grant strategies and tactics that the negotiators should use. Interdependent relationships are complex. Both parties know that they underside influence the others outcomes and their outcomes in turn be influenced by the other. This mutual adjustment continues throughout the negotiation as both parties act to influence the other.Making and interpreting concessions is no easy behave, especially when there is atomic trust between negotiations. The search for an optimal solution through the processes of giving information and making concessions is greatly aided by trust and a sentiment that you are being treated h onesty and fairly. Two efforts in negotiation help to create such trust and belief perceptions of outcomes that attempts to change a partys estimation of the perceived importance of something and perception of the process may help convey images of equity, fairness and reciprocity in proposals and concessions.One potential manglespring of interdependent relationship is conflict that can be duo to the highly divergent needs of the two parties, a misunderstanding that occurs between two people, or some other intangible factors. One way to cla ssify conflicts is by level, and four levels of conflicts are commonly identified intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intra-group conflict, inter-group conflict. Conflict may be destructive or fur-bearing, so the objective is not to eliminate conflict but to learn how to manage it so that the destructive elements are controlled while the productive aspects are enjoyed.Negotiation is a strategy for productively managing conflict. Many approaches to managing conflict nourish been suggested. The below two dimensional framework is represented as the dual concerns model. The model postulates that individuals in conflict have two independent levels of concern concern about their own outcomes and concern about the others outcomes. As mentioned in the figure, there are five major Problem Yielding strategies for conflict management.Each strategy has its Solving advantages and disadvantages and is more or less appropriate given the type of conflict and situation in which (compro mising) the dispute occurs. Thus, conflict theory and research have moved toward a contingency approach advocating that the inertia Contending strategy selected should be based on the objectives of the parties and the nature of their dispute. Two major mechanisms for resolving conflicts-third parties and Concern about own outcomes conflict management systems- extend above and beyond the strategies of the parties themselves.Concern about others utcomes 3 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 2 Negotiations framing, strategizing, and planning In this chapter, authors discuss what negotiators should do before school term down at the table framing, strategizing, and planning. Framing is the means by which the parties in a negotiation define the problem. They mention that there are threesome ways to understand frames as cognitive heuristics, at categories of experience, and as a process of issue development.In continuation, they try to introduce the negotiator to the power and prevalence of frames via dissimilar types of frames, how certain frames may be invoked or ignored in a given situation, the consequences of framing a conflict in a particular way and the approaches that negotiators can use to manage frames more effectively. Understanding frames- which means understanding how parties define the key issues and how conversations can shift and transform those issues- is the first step in effective planning.After framing, negotiators must anticipate what they want to achieve in a negotiation and must prepare for these events in advance. The preparation must implicate attention to substantive particulars including goals, goal priorities, and multi-goal packages as well as adjectival concerns dealing with agendas and bar secureing histories. the choice of goals and frames are strongly interactive and the existence of one leave rapidly produce evidence of other. Afterwards negotiators move to the third element in the sequence selecting a nd developing a strategy.According to below suggested model, negotiators have some choices of a negotiation that is reflected in the answers to two simple questions how much concern does the actor have for achieving the substantive outcomes at stake in this essential outcome important? negotiation and how much concern does the Yes No negotiator have for the current and future quality of relationship with the other party. Yes Collaboration adaption In the last part of chapter, authors explain the importance of planning. hile success in negotiation is affected by how one plays the game, the most important step for success is No Competition Avoidance how to one gets ready for the game. effective planning also hard work on a number of specific travel ? Defining issues ? Assembling issues and defining the bargaining mix ? Defining interests ? Consulting with others ? Identifying limits ? Setting targets ? Developing supporting arguments ? Analyzing the other party Frames, goals, strate gies and stages set the background for an effective planning process.If the negotiator is able to consider and treasure each of these factors, the negotiator will know what he or she wants and will have a clear reason of direction on how to proceed. The sense of direction, and the confidence derived from it will be the single most important factor in achieving a desired negotiation outcome. sensible choice important 4 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 3 Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation In a distributive bargaining situation, the goals of one party are unremarkably in fundamental and direct conflict with the goals of the other party.Resources are fixed and each party will use a set of strategies to maximize their share of resources to be obtained. While distributive strategies are useful, they can also be counterproductive and costly. Often they grounds the negotiating parties to focus so much on their differences that they ignore what the y have in common. These negative effects notwithstanding, distributive bargaining strategies are quite useful when a negotiator wants to maximize the value obtained in a single deal and when the relationship with the other party is not important.Both parties to a negotiation should open their starting, target and resistance points before beginning a negotiation. Starting points are usually in the hypothesis statements each party wangles. The target point is usually learned or inferred as negotiations get under way. The resistance point, the point beyond which a person will not go and would rather break off negotiations. The spread between the resistance points, called bargaining range, settlement range or zone of potential agreement, is particularly important.In this area the actual bargaining takes place, for anything outside these point will be summarily rejected by one of the two negotiators. It is rare that a negotiation includes only one item more typically there is a set of items, referred to as a bargaining mix. Each item in a bargaining mix can have opening, target and resistance points. The bargaining mix may provide opportunities for bundling issues together, logrolling or displaying mutually concessionary behaviour.Negotiators by employing strategies attempt to influence each other perceptions of what is possible through the exchange of information and persuasion. Regardless of the general strategy taken, two tasks are important in all distributive bargaining situations discovering the other partys resistance point and influencing the other partys resistance point. The negotiators basic goal is to reach a net settlement as close to the other partys resistance point as possible.Four tactical tasks are suggested for a negotiator in a distributive bargaining (1) to asses the other partys outcome values and the costs of terminating negotiations, (2) to manage the other partys impressions of the negotiators outcome values, (3) to modify the other pa rtys perception of his or her own outcome values, and (4) to manipulate the actual costs of delaying or aborting negotiations. The other decision to be made at the outset of distributive bargaining concerns the stance to adopt during negotiations. A reasonable bargaining position is usually mate with a friendly stance and an extreme position is usually couple ith a tougher, more competitive stance. A key concept in creating a bargaining position is that of commitment. The purpose of a commitment is to remove ambiguity about the actors intended course of action. There are several ways to create a commitment public pronouncement, link with an outside ally, increase the prominence of demands, reinforce the treat or promise. There are a set of hardball tactics to beat the other party. Such tactics are designed to pressure targeted parties to do things they would not otherwise do, and their presence usually disguises the users adherence to a decidedly distributive bargaining approach.S ome of them are good guy/bad guy, highball/lowball, bogey, the nibble, chicken, intimidation, aggressive behavior, snow job. The authors suggested three ways for responding to typical hardball tactics, including ignore them, discuss them and respond in kind. 5 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 4 Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation In many negotiations there need not be winners and losers all parties can be winner. In integrative negotiation- variously known as cooperative, collaborative, win-win, or problem solving- the goals of the parties are not mutually exclusive.The fundamental structure of an integrative negotiation situation is such that it allows both sides to achieve their objectives. Integrative negotiation requires a process fundamentally contrastive from that of distributive negotiation. Those wishing to achieve integrative results let out that they must manage both the context and the process of the negotiation in order to gain the willing cooperation and commitment of all parties. The following processes tend to be central to achieving almost all integrative agreements ? creating a free lessen of information ? ttempting to understand the other negotiators real needs and objectives ? emphasizing the commonalities between the parties and minimizing the difference ? searching for solutions that meet the goals and objectives of both sides There are four major steps in the integrative negotiation process 1. Identifying and defining the problem, ? define the problem in a way that is mutually unimpeachable to both sides ? keep the problem statement clean and simple ? state the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal ? epersonalize the problem ? signalise the problem definition from the search for solution 2. understanding the problem and bringing interests and needs to the surface (focusing on interests will allow the parties to move beyond opening positions and demands to determine wh at the parties really want, what needs truly must be satisfied) 3. generating alternative solutions to the problem (tactics such as expand the pie, logroll, nonspecific compensation, cut the costs for compliance, find a bridge solution 4.Evaluating those alternatives and selecting among them ? narrow the range of solution options ? agree to the criteria in advance of evaluating options ? evaluate solutions on the tail end of quality and acceptability ? be willing to justify personal preferences ? be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting options ? use subgroups to evaluate complex issues ? take time out to cool off ? explore different ways to logroll ? keep decisions tentative and conditional until all aspects of the final proposals are complete ? inimize formality and record keeping until final agreements are closed Authors identified seven fundamental preconditions for successful integrative negotiation some form of shared or common goal, faith in ones own ability to solve problems, a belief in the validity and importance of the others position, the motivation and commitment to work together, trust in the opposing negotiator, the ability to accurately exchange information in spite of conflict conditions, and an understanding of how the process works. 6 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of NegotiationChapter 5 Communication, perception and cognitive biases Communication is at the heart of the negotiating process. This chapter focuses on the processes by which negotiators pass away their own interests, positions, and goals and in turn make sense of those of the other party and of the negotiation as a whole. Weather the intent is to command and compel, sell, persuade or gain commitment, how parties communicate in negotiation would seem to depend on the ability of the speaker to encode the thoughts properly as well as on the ability of the listener to understand and decipher the intended nitty-grittys.There are two critical sub-processes of commu nication perception and cognition. ? apprehension is defined as the process of screening, selecting and interpreting stimuli so that they have heart and soul to the individual. The complexity of environments makes it impossible to process all of the available information, so perception becomes selective, focusing on some stimuli while turning out others. As a result people have several shortcuts in their perceptual systems that allow them to process information more readily.Unfortunately these shortcuts come with cost-perceptual errors such as stereotyping, anchor ring effects, selective perception or projectionswhich typically occur without people being aware that they are happening. Stimulus Attention Recognition Translation Behavior Perception ? Rather than being perfect processors of information, negotiators have a tendency to make systematic errors when they process information. These errors, labeled cognitive biases, tend to impede negotiator proceeding the irrational esca lation of commitment, mythical fixed pie belief, the process f anchoring and adjustment, issue and problem framing, negotiators overconfidence, the winners curse, self-serving biases, ignoring others cognitions, the law of small numbers and reactive devaluation. Failures and distortions in perception, cognition and communication are the most dominant contributors to breakdowns and failures in negotiations. Three main techniques have been proposed for improving communication in negotiation the use of questions, comprehend and role reversal. 7 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of NegotiationChapter 6 Finding and using negotiation leverage In this chapter, the authors focus on leverage in negotiation that means the tools negotiators can use to give themselves an advantage or increase the probability of achieving their own objectives. Leverage is often used synonymously with power. Authors explain three major sources of power information and expertise, control over resources, and loca tion in an organizational structure and then point to the process for using power as an attempt to change the others position, view or perspective.During negotiations, actors frequently need to convince each other, influence the other partys positions, perceptions and opinions and for doing these they employ a group of tactics that are called persuasion. Authors consider four key elements of persuasion ways in which sources of information can be powerful, ways in which messages can be structured to be more powerful, ways in which targets of persuasion can enhance or reduce their power and ways in which the elements in social context can exert indirect influence on the target.There are some ways in which to think about the key factors in the persuasion/ leverage process. One of them is shown in below figure. depicted object factors Resultant attitudes (positions) Initial attitudes (positions) ? Message content ? Message Structure ? Persuasive style Source factor ? Credibility ? Attr activeness Target factors ? attending to the other ? Resisting the others arguments Context factor Reciprocity, Commitment, amicable proof, Use of reward and punishment, Scarcity Central Route Peripheral Route ? ? ? ?Message factors or ways in which he content of the message can be structured and presented to enhance its effectiveness Source factors or ways in which the sender of the message can enhance his or her credibility and draw in order to make the message more believable or more friendly Receiver factors or ways in which the receiver of the message can either shape and direct what the sender is communicating or intellectually resist the persuasive effects of the message Context factors or elements constitutive(a) in the social structure (such as the relationship between the parties, the setting in which the message is sent or the amount time taken to communicate the message) that can determine whether a message is more or less likely to be received and complied with. Ther e are at least three major things that you as the listener can do to resist the others influence efforts have a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), make a public commitment (or get the other party to make one) and inoculate yourself against the others persuasive message. 8 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 7 Ethics in negotiation In this chapter authors explored the question of whether there are or should be accepted ethical standards for behavior in negotiation.Ethics are broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation or a process for setting those standards. Ethics proceed from particular philosophies, which purport to (a) define the nature of the world in which we live and (b) prescribe rules for living together. The authors present a model to help explain how a negotiator decides whether to employ one or more deceptive tactics. Intentions and motives for using deceptive tactics Consequences 1. Impact of tactic does it work? 2. Self-evaluation 3. Feedback and reaction from other negotiator, constituency and audiences Influence Situation Identification of range of influence tactics Selection and use of a deceptive tactic exposition and JustificationDeception and disguise may take several forms in negotiation as follows misrepresentation of ones position to another party, bluffing, falsification (introduction of factually erroneous information), deception (collection of true and/or untrue arguments that leads the other party to the wrong conclusion) and selective disclosure or misrepresentation to constituencies. The authors predicted that (1) when motivated to be competitive and when expecting the other to be competitive the negotiator would see the marginally ethical tactics as appropriate and (2) when both parties were competitively motivated they would troop the greatest tendency to employ marginally ethical tactics. From the negotiators perspective the primary motivation to use a deceptive tactic is to gain a temporary power advantage.Using these tactics then produces consequences the tactic may work (produce desired results) or not work people evaluate their own use of the tactics( asking themselves if they were satisfied with the results, and if using the tactic was personally acceptable) and people also may receive appraising(prenominal) comments from the other negotiator from constituencies and from audiences. Those evaluative comments may serve to increase or decrease the use of similar tactics in the future. If using the tactic allows negotiators to attain rewarding outcomes that would be unobtainable to them if they behaved ethically and if the unethical conduct is not punished by others the frequency of unethical conduct is likely to increase because the negotiator believes he or she can get away with it.Negotiators frequently overlook the fact that although unethical or expedient tactics may get them what they want in the short lapse these same tactics typically lead to diminished effectiveness in the long term. (Consequences of these tactics on the negotiators reputation and trustworthiness, other party retaliation and revenge) If negotiators think the other party is using deceptive tactics he/she can do the following acts Ask probing questions and recognize the tactic. 9 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 8 Global negotiation In this chapter authors examined various aspects of a growing field of negotiation that explores the complexities of negotiating across borders.Negotiators from different cultures (countries) use different negotiation strategies and communication patterns when negotiating intra-culturally than when negotiating cross-culturally. Two overall contexts have an influence on cross border negotiations the environmental context, includes forces in the environment that are beyond the control of either party but that influence the negotiations, and immediate context, includes facto rs over which the negotiators have influence and some measure of control. To know more cultures, Hofstede suggested that there are four important dimensions that can be used to describe cultural differences power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance.Foster suggests that culture can influence global negations in several ways, including the definition of negotiation, the selection of negotiators, protocol, communication, time, risk propensity, groups versus individuals and the nature of agreements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to manage cultural differences when negotiating across borders. Weiss presented the options that people have when negotiating with someone from other culture. According to him, when choosing a strategy, negotiators should be aware of their own and the other partys cultures in general, understand the specific factors in the current relationship, and predict or try to influence the other partys ap proach.His suggested responsive strategies may be arranged into three groups, base on familiarity (low, moderate, high) that a negotiator has with the other partys culture. Within each group there are some strategies that the negotiator may use each (unilateral strategies) and others that involve the participation of the other party (joint strategies). Low familiarity ? Employ agents or advisors (unilateral Strategy) ? bring in a mediator ? Induce the other party to use your approach Moderate familiarity ? Adapt to the other partys approach ? Coordinate adjustment High familiarity ? Embrace the other partys approach ? Improvise an approach ? Effect symphony 10 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of NegotiationChapter 9 Managing difficult negotiations individual approaches Through any number of different avenues breakdowns in communication, escalation of anger and mistrust, polarization of positions and refusal to compromise, the issuance of ultimatums or simply the inability to inv ent options that are satisfactory to both sides negotiations often hit an impasse. arable dialogue stops. The parties may continue talking but the communication is usually characterized by trying to sell or force ones own position, talking about others unreasonable position and uncooperative behavior or both. This chapter reviewed actions that the parties can take to return to a productive dialogue. In general there are five major conflict reduction strategies that can be applied in contentious situations 1.Reducing tension and managing the de-escalation of aggression (via methods such as tension release, acknowledgment of the others feelings (active listening), separating the parties, synchronized de-escalation) 2. Enhancing communication, particularly improving each partys understanding of the others perspective (via methods such as role reversal or imaging) 3. Controlling the number and size of issues in the discussion ? Reduce the number of parties on each side ? control the n umber of substantive issues involved ? state issues in concrete terms rather than as general principles ? restrict the precedents involved, both procedural and substantive ? search for ways to fractionate the big issues ? depersonalize issues separate them from the parties advocating them 4.Establishing a common ground on which the parties can find a basis for agreement (via methods such as determining super ordinate goals, clarifying common enemies, agreement on the rules and procedures) 5. Enhancing the desirability of the options and alternatives that each party presents to the other (give the other party a yes-able proposal, ask for a different decision, sweeten the offer rather than intensify the threat, use legitimacy or objective criteria to evaluate solutions) The order of above steps is the one most frequently used by third parties in resolving disputes and hence we believe it also will be the most effective if employed by negotiators themselves. If the conflict cannot be c ontrolled effectively, third-party intervention may become necessary. 11

Will Smith

Will Smith is one of the greatest actors, singers and rappers of our time. Even from his youth to his adulthood, he has live on one of the most influential people of America. He has become a gifted and talented actor, demanding millions of dollars for his parts in number one hits movies at the box office. With his charm, his talent, and his generosity he will be a sign name remembered for years to come. Williard C. Smith, Jr. cognize as Will grew up in a middle class area in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, called Winnfied find in the Overbrook section of West Philadelphia.Will Smith is the youngest of four children born to Caroline and Willard Smith, Sr. Will Smiths heritage is both African American and Native America. He attended a Baptist church near his home with his family. As a young boy, Will loved to sing and rap. He was a talented little boy who loved to be in the spotlight. As a young boy, he was given the name Prince, because he al right smarts talked his way out of tr ouble and because of his charming looks. He was a very smart child growing up. Will was one of those kids everyone wanted to be like and be around.He was close to parents unfortunately they divorced when Will was young. Will was wherefore raised by his mother, Caroline and three other siblings. He attended the prestigious Julia Reynolds Masterman lab and Demonstration School in Philadelphia. He was later transferred to Overbrook High School, where he graduated. His good SAT scores didnt satisfy him to get into a college he wanted to enroll. His plans were to study computer engineering. Therefore, he pursued music. He then met Jeffrey A. Townes at a party that he attended and they soon began performing together.They were known as DJ Jazzy Jeff and Fresh Prince. He was the first hip-hop artist to be nominated for an Academy grant. He won a Grammy Award for the song Summertime during his rap career and received the first ever Grammy Award for Best Performance for the song Parents J ust Dont go through in 1989. In 1990, Will Smith was almost near bankruptcy, and that was when Benny medina and NBC had an idea for a sitcom based on his life in Beverley Hills. NBC television network signed Will to a contract on the hit sitcom, Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.It was this sitcom that prepared him for his acting career. The sitcom lasted six years during that time, he ventured into movies. Starring in his first movie,Six Degrees of Separation in 1993. After that movie, he was offered major roles in Independence Day, in which he played a fearless and confident fighter pilot. He was also starred in Men in Black, where he played the confident agent J. From then on he has gained lead in many successes including Men In Black II, Bad Boys II, I Robot, and Hitch.Will met his first wife, Sheree Smith at a taping of A Different World in 1992. They had one son together, Willard Smith, III (Trey), he was born on November 11, 1992. Will and Sheree divorced in 1995. Will Smith then met his second wife, Jada Pinkett in 1995 when she tried out for the role of his girlfriend on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. They have two kids together, Jaden Christopher Syre Smith, he was born July 8, 1998, and a daughter, Willow Camille sway Smith born October 30, 2000.

Interracial Sexuality

The film The Birth of A Nation, produced in 1915, is well known for both its fresh and inventive ways of filming and its extremely racist views. One of the many topics covered by the movie was the idea of interracial sexuality. Interracial sexuality was non spoken of much in the time period of the movie, so it was considered to be particularly risque. The movie itself portrayed the subject as the cause of downfall for many a white man, and also the result of overly sexual black men attempting to rape innocent white women (Griffith 1915).The movie portrayed a deception about interracial sexuality in the scenes involving Flora, a young white woman, and Gus, a black Captain in the US Army (Griffith 1915). Gus is looking for a wife, and he assumes that Flora will want to marry him despite their different races (Griffith 1915). It turns into only(prenominal) a fantasy for him, because she will not think of marrying him. She runs up a steep cliff to get away from him, only to fall to he r death (Griffith 1915).One may presume that she thought he would rape her, and so she fell, or perchance jumped, to avoid the shame of an interracial sexual encounter. Anxiety over interracial sexuality appears when another young white woman, Elsie, is almost forced into an interracial unification by Silas Lynch, a mulatto man (Griffith 1915). He is determined to marry a white woman, and Elsie is the one that he wants (Griffith 1915). His kidnapping and near marriage to her demonstrates the charges that white mickle had about sexual black men coming to take their women away.In general, The Birth of A Nation fed off of the feelings of the United States at the time of its release. It was released only fifty years after the Civil War, and tensions were extraordinarily high between white people and the freed black people. Interracial sexuality was a great fear for those who wanted the races to stay separate and unequal, and that is why the topic played a large part in The Birth of A Nation. Works Cited Griffith, D. W. The Birth of A Nation. 1915.

Givin a Million Dollars, but Can Not Spend It on Yourself

If I was given a million dollars that could not be spent on myself, my main goal would be to have fun. I am sure there be tons of completely decent charities and organizations that could couch a large cash donation to great use, but just giving away all that money to charity sounds completely BORING I can think of some great ways to lapse one million dollars, while having fun and helping people at the same time. This sounds the like a great idea to me The first obstacle I would face is to find a way to have fun, but to not officially spend the money on myself.Then I would need to find a worthwhile candidate who would be willing to share a $250,000 gift with me. Im hoping this person would take me to Italy and the French Riviera. This has to be why people have friends. I would write a check for two hundred and fifty k dollars to Nathaniel Pardon, my best friend Try to imagine your best friend in the world has just received a $250,000 sum of cash. Vacation time We would spring ar ound Europe, stay in drasti surroundy expensive hotels, and see the sites. Another part of our fun in Europe would be to host a alley skateboarding competition at the local skate park.The winner would get a $100,000 grand prize, donated by me. The grand prize is enough money to draw and quarter all the professional skateboarders into the competiton. I would make some very impressive new friends. At the end of a three day competition a winner would be chosen and paid in cash. No corporate sponsors would be needed. What a lovely thought All of this would be for the progression of the frisk I love. This competition would help many people, skaters and friends alike but most especially the winner. With $650,000 left, I would return back to the U. S. to my family. in that respect are some serious issues in my family that a lot of money could easily correct. My mother and little sister recently moved to Louisiana due to the recession in Detroit. In invest to get my family back together , I would buy my mother a nice house in Metro Detroit, close to where my family lives. Shes a shopper, so I would also give her $50,000 for spending money. It seems extravagant, but she has put up with a lot of trouble from me, so it is the least I could do. With a house and redoubted amount of money to handle all financial issues, my mother and sister would be anxious to move back.Even though it might seem that this money is world spent to secure my happiness, it is not. My little sister misses her family in Michigan a great deal. This would be for her, above anyone else. Once my little sister is home again and things are great, all I would wish to do is help other families in the same way. With the remaining money, I would start an organization I would call Reconnecting Families in Need (R. F. I. N. ). An organization of my creation, designed to help reunite family members with their loved ones and do what is necessary to keep them together and secure. I feel this is a oftenti mes needed program.After all, what in this world is more important than family? Out of the million dollars, $250,000 would be used to fund Reconnecting Families in Need. A lot of families would be helped. There are still plenty of other places and people I would like to help. In order to keep up my helping spree, I would use the departure of the one million dollars and invest it in a non-profit investment banking firm. The firm would be run by Wall Street professionals who want to make a difference. Money made through the firm would be used to further the mission of R. F. I. N. and its affiliates.Hopefully, this would allow the R. F. I. N. to last a very long time. My money would then(prenominal) be lending a hand to thousands of families. If I was given a million dollars that could not be spent on myself, I would be labored to learn the value of helping others. Without the option to blow the million dollars on myself, I would focus on doing what I could to aid people in need. I would find personal uses for this money, but as I have learned, I would probably find more happiness in the pleasure of others. There are families out there who need support, and given the opportunity, I would love to be the one to help them.

Teacher Internship Paper

My Public Policy and Administration Program Internship took place at calcium commonplace Cause. I began as a offer up in February of 2006, which quickly turned into an internship, followed by a fellowship. I have now been working at atomic number 20 Common Cause as its blue California Organizer since January 2007. California Common Cause is a non-profit, non-partisan citizens lobby organization working to hold public officials and public institutions accountable to the people. California Common Causes current focuses include redistricting reform, public financing of elections, and media reform.Its budget is composed of membership donations and grant funding. It has offices in Sacramento and Los Angeles with six paid employees, including myself. California Common Cause is the state organization for the national Common Cause. While California Common Cause provides state support for national issues, it mainly focuses on the state and local level within California. I was very excited to have the opportunity to volunteer for California Common Cause and am stir that it has turned into a full time position. I have been a member for many years, during which I was always impressed by the organizations work.I particularly like its emphasis on remaining non-partisan, working solely for the common good of all Californians. Due to the small number of employees and the vicissitude of the work, I was able to participate on a huge variety of projects, including redistricting reform efforts, researching state campaign contributions, summarizing state bills and drafting letters of support or opposition of bills, writing sample letters to the editor and political officials for CCC members, organizing public financing efforts in the San Jose region, writing CauseNets, our Action Alerts, and updating the website. Redistricting Reform one of California Common Causes main focuses is promoting redistricting reform. Currently, the State Legislature draws political districts for state and Congressional representatives. California Common Cause sees this as a clear conflict of interest. Politicians are basically picking and choosing whom to include in their own districts, allowing them to draw districts that will be most beneficial to their reelection. As such, California Common Cause has been working with a coalition of various interest

Angelina Jolie Speech Essay

IntroductionWhen she is not working as the UN Goodwill Ambassador, shell be acting or directing some other film, or looking after her six adorable children.a. Today I will be speaking about the dreadful Angelina Jolie, my inspiration in so many aspects of life and a truly amazing woman.b. I will cover three main areas with regards to her life andaccomplishments. My outset sign will be about her career and family.Second, I will be mentioning her involvement in various worldwide humanitarian activities. Finally, I will also mention her go for for medical health.(Insert Connective First, I will give a brief introduction to the life of Angelina Jolie Identify type Transitions)I.Body (include citations of sources)Angelina Jolie Voight was born on June 4th, 1975. She started acting at a young age and soon became a very successful actress. You may have seen her act in films such as Mr. and Mrs. smith and Maleficent.a. She is also an accomplished film director and has won various awa rds in the film industry, including Academy Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards and Golden Globe Awards. (Hollywood Life, Angelina Jolie)b. In her in the flesh(predicate) life, she is married to fellow actor Brad Pitt.i. They have 6 children, of whom three are adopted, and three are their own biological children.ii. Angelina Jolie is a strong booster dose for adoption of children from all over the world, and her support can be seen in her actions.1. Three of her children were adopted from Cambodia, Ethiopia and Vietnamc. The adoption of her first child from Cambodia bridged the change of her image from commonplace actress to humanitarian worker, which she further developed in the following years.(Insert Connective Now that I have spoken about Angelina Jolies career asan actress as well as her participation in overseas adoption, I will now speak about her humanitarian work. identify type Signposting)II.In an interview, Angelina Jolie mentioned that she was first exposed to what oth er people around the world faced in 2001, when filming in Cambodia. (UNHCR, Fact Sheet) d. After seeing the suffering in Cambodia, Angelina Jolie contacted the unify Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and offered her help. This truly kick-started her humanitarian efforts in the world, as she was then named a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, with the aim to focus on refugees and displaced people during conflict. iii.She has since visited over 30 countries during her sentence as a ambassador. iv. She has been brave in the locations she has visited.2. For example she visited Sudan during the internal conflict, Chad during the civil war as well as Iraq and Libya during the Libyan revolution.e. Angelina Jolie has also set up and financed many charity organisations, such as the Maddox-Jolie-Pitt Foundation, dedicated to community development and environmental conservation in Cambodia. (MJPAsia) All of this intensive humanitarian work has bring in her the status as youngest recipient of t he Jean Hersholt Award for humanitarian activities in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts. (The Star, Humanitarian Work)(Insert Connective My third and final point will cover Angelina Jolies support for physical and mental health in women identify type Sign posting)III.In a New York quantify article titled My Medical Choice, Angelina Jolie made headlines across the world when she announced that she underwent a double mastectomy so she could prevent chances of breast cancer. (Nytimes, My Medical Choice) f. This intrepid choice was made due to the fact that she carried a gene which increased the risk of both Ovarian and Breast cancer. (Breast Cancer Screening, The Guardian)g. This choice raised a new awareness of people suffering from breast cancer, as well as the various options women faced with the disease. h. She also revealed that she had battled anorexia and self harm earlier in her life, and has openly supported various charities with regards to mental health and depression in youth and adults.II.ConclusionAngelina Jolie has accomplished so much in her life, and has become a role model not only for her own children but also for so many of us in the world. a. She has used her celebrity status to do humanitarian work and inspire many people.I will conclude my speech with a quote by Angelina Jolie, which I find inspirational and relevant to our lives. No matter what you have gone through in your youth, it is about who you choose to be in life. You can define your own destiny. You can be stronger than a very difficult past and overcome it. (SMH, Angelina Jolie Interview)Thank you very much, and I hope you have also come to appreciate Angelina Jolie as an amazing and inspirational person.Bibliography (use APA / MLA style)Hollywood Life (2012, April 21). Angelina Jolie. hollyoodlife.com. Retrieved kinfolk 12, 2014, from http//hollywoodlife.com/celeb/angelina-jolie/UNHCR (2009, November 13) Angelina Jolie Fact Sheet. unhcr.org. Retrieved September 12, 2014 from http//www.unhcr.org/pages/49db77906.htmlThe Star (2013, Nov 18) Angelina Jolie receives her Jean Hersholt Humanitarian award. thestar.com. Retrieved September 12, 2014) from http// www.thestar.com/entertainment/stargazing_blog/2013/11/angelina_jolie_receives_her_jean_hersholt_humanitarian_award.htmlNytimes (2013, May 14) My Medical Choice. nytimes.com Retrieved September 11th, 2014 from http//www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medicalchoice.html?_r=0Ingham, A. (2014, August 18). Breast Cancer Screening on the Rise Since Angelina Jolie. guardianlv.com. Retrieved September 12, 2014, from http//guardianlv.com/2014/08/breast-cancer-screening-on-the-rise-since-angelinajolie/Maddox Jolie Pitt Asia. (2008, May 2). MJPAsia. http//www.mjpasia.org Retrieved September 12, 2014, from http//www.mjpasia.orgLifetime TV (2014, April 29) Angelina Jolie life-time lifetimetv.co.uk/Retrieved September 12, 2014, from http//www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/ biography-angelina-jolieSydney Morning Heral d (2011, December 16) Angelina Jolie Interview Kung Fu Panda 2 smh.com.au Retrieved September 12, 2014 from http//www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/angelina-jolie-proud-to-be-likepo-20111216-1oxzg.html

Analysis of Arthur Young’s Travels in France

DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT, business relationship AND JUSTICE CAMPBELL UNIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF ARTHUR YOUNGS TRAVELS IN FRANCE BY DANIELLE KING Submitted to Professor Ocana in overtone fulfill ment of the requirements for Western Civilization 112 November 3, 2010 Arthur youngish was born on September 11, 1741 in Bradfield, a colony in Suffolk, Eng buck. After he dropped out of school and acquired a job in a moneymaking(a) house, for which he was not suited for, Young began his writing career at the age of seventeen. He was practically more inclined to write than work in a more commercial capacity as he later became a great English agriculture writer.Although Young was such a tempestuous agriculture writer he is most known for his social and political writings. Young was not truly successful with the land from the start however, after inheriting the land around his home after the destruction of his mother and through a series of failed farming attempts elsewhere in England, he b egan to learn rather a lot about agriculture. From this point Young began to write several books and journals about agriculture in and around England and his popularity grew tremendously. After having made quite a name for himself in the world of agriculture, Young began to journey outside of England.Young runner went to Ireland in 1776 and published his findings there four years later with Tour in Ireland. Youngs most popular excursion was to France, which he first visited in 1787. Young explored the sylvan in great detail learning a good deal from the people and the land. Young meticulously documented the condition of the soil and other agricultural data as well as his opinions as to the political and social reasons for Frances agricultural failure. This information was published in 1792 split into two volumes titled Travels in France.The reason this work was so important then and still important today is because Young gives a remarkable account of the social, economic, and p olitical problems and struggles leading up to and just after the beginning of the french renewing. During the class of Travels in France that discussed his thoughts on the French Revolution, Young was enraged by much of what he saw. The issues that seemed to frustrate Young the most were incommensurate taxes, harsh penal codes, and a lack of justice in the court system. The first major dilemma Young discusses is a system of unequal taxes.He begins by giving the reader an understanding of how the kingdom was organized. Young says that the kingdom was broken into generalities with an intendant appointed to govern them. The generalities were broken down further into elections which were governed by sub-de-legue this position was appointed by the intendant. Needless(prenominal) to say, the intendant held a vast amount of power particularly with regards to taxation. tally to Young these intendants could exempt, change, add, or diminish taxes on a whim. (Young) With this type of con trol it is easy to see wherefore befriending the intendant might be advantageous.It was known that the friends and family, even very distant relatives could benefit financially from a liaison to the intendant. Naturally people without this connection were very upset as, since taxes still had to be paid to the kingdom, they were the ones to shoulder this financial burden. There were exemptions allowed for the intendants, sub-de-legues, nobility, clergy, and the friends and family of these people. The poor of the kingdom felt as though the people with the most economic resources were exempted from pay taxes because they were fortunate enough to stick those resources.The second issue Young uncovers while traveling in Frances is the kingdoms unequal and unfairly harsh penal code. Young uses, as an example, the legalitys for salt smugglers. Taken from his Travels in France were eight extremely strict regulations covering the offenders accused of smuggling salt. The first law menti oned says that if quin or more gird salt smugglers are gathered to unsexher in Provence they will be beauteousd and spend nine years in jail. If these same people were anywhere else in the kingdom they would be bewilder to death.The next law says that if less than five but more than one armed smugglers are gathered to maintainher they get a second chance. The first metre they are caught pick uping, they will be bonnyd and sentenced to three years in jail. The second cadence they will be killed. The third rule discusses unarmed smugglers that have some correct of transportation to move the salt. This could be in the way of animals and or carts while traveling on land or a boat if the smuggler is on the water. At this point the punishments become slightly less severe with the first offence being only the fine of the previous law without the clock time in jail.However, if that fine is not paid then the same three years time will be served. With this law as well, the smuggler would have a second chance although the second offence carried a much stiffer penalty. In most of the kingdom a heaver fine was required as well as nine years jail time. In Provence, a smuggler could expect to go to jail for five years without the fine. In Dauphine, however, the second offence would take away a smugglers granting immunity for the rest of his life. The next law covers unarmed smugglers without transportation.This is the least severe of the punishments for males having only a small fine for the first offence. If the smuggler does not have the money to pay the fine they are flogged and branded. The second time they are caught is not much worse with a fine and six years jail time. The fifth part law sets the punishments for women it is very interesting that are given three chances and not given jail time for either offence. The first time they are sentenced with a very small fine and the second time a slightly larger fine. The husband is responsible for the fine. The third time they are flogged and permanently shake off out of the kingdom.The next law says that the child smugglers are treated the same as the women with both parents held liable for the fine. After the common people of the kingdom, the nobles are mentioned. If nobles are caught, their titles and estates are taken away from them. No fine or jail time is necessary for the same crime that common people could be put to death for. The last law in this excerpt discusses what Young thinks is the salt or revenue employee that smuggles on the side. This person would be sentenced to death. If this employee steals or transports the stolen salt they would be hung.This is the only law listed that describes a particular mannequin of death showing how important they felt this crime was. The final major issue Arthur Young found with the French during his journey through the kingdom was with the lack of justice in the court system. In his terminology the justice that was administered was part ial, venal, and infamous. (Young) He goes on to say that after conversing with numerous men in several different areas around France all of them felt as if the legal system call for serious reform, as equal justice under the law was completely impossible due to widespread corruption.Young found that as two parties stood before the judge the winner of the dispute would be whichever party could proceeds the judge more. Shockingly, this bribe did not always have to be monetary it could also be the beaut of a handsome wife (Young) The only way justice would be served was if two conditions were both meet neither party could have any connection to the judge (or anyone else in power) and neither party could have something of value to offer the judge, be it money, land, or women.If either of these conditions was not met, the party that knew the judge or had the uncommitted resources would be victorious. Furthermore, the judges had the authority to originate decrees. Not surprisingly, t hey did this without the permission of the King. As it turns out, these parliaments had configured a juridic system where they made the laws and then turned around and punished people for breaking these laws. Young had open what he described as a horrible system of tyranny.Youngs main points of sick of(p) taxes, unforgiving penal codes, and the deceitful legal system help to bring into focus his feelings of why the French were doomed for a revolution. He does a wonderful job of really capturing the feeling of the typical Frenchmen at the time. Although he arrived in the kingdom to evaluate the conditions of the soil and other aspects of the farming environment, he seemed to leave with a thorough understanding of French society in the late 1780s. The only bias shown in the composing might be in that Young only makes note of the thoughts, fears, and complaints of the working class citizens.From the reading, it is difficult to get a sense of how the people in power felt about day-to -day life. Because of this one-sided account, any reader would automatically find themselves cheering for the little people and suppressing a growing detestation for persons of authority. The principle value of Arthur Youngs Travels in France is that the people of this day and age studying the French Revolution have an excellent report of some of the events leading up to it. Young goes deeper into the major concerns of the day than the amount textbook can.The reader truly gets the opportunity to feel the pain of the local townspeople. Textbooks try to hit the highlights of history, which sticks generally to important kings and key politicians, where in pieces like Youngs, readers get to understand the plight of the average Joe. Bibliography Stead, David. Arthur Young. EH. clear Encyclopedia 2003. http//eh. net /encyclopedia/article/stead. young Young, Arthur. Arthur Youngs Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, 1789. capital of the United Kingdom George Bell and Sons, 19 09.

POVERTY IN JAMAICA Essay

Poverty is generally accepted as an undesir adequate to(p) condition. even, defining leanness is extremely problematical and several definitions exist. agree to Dennis brown (1995), He defined poverty as a state in which an individual or group possesses little than some standard which has been defined as acceptable. In the world we live it is generally accepted that there atomic number 18 deuce kinds of poverty, public and private poverty, however, the strain on poverty in this paper relates to Jamaica and its struggle to vanquish poverty. Poverty has been a persistent possess of Jamaicas environment from the post-emancipation period, and from their, it has been a subject of continuing concern and analysis for Caribbean academics and welf are practitioners. It is mainly in the past decade the nonion of poverty and poverty less(prenominal)ening come to occupy the central jell in both local and international policy. With boldness, Jamaica promulgates policy statements that p overty will be eradicated. With this continuing spring around the crisis of poverty, the distinction mingled with cause and consequence has become increasingly blurred, with the result that poverty reduction policies have little chance of reducing the extreme risks and hardships that Jamaicans face on a regular basis.In both national and international dialogue, the assumption remains unchallenged that poverty can be lessen if only one could correctly and channel the assistance directly to the deserving poor. The deserving poor are considered the vulnerable because of their demographic of physical characteristics, which may predispose them to health risk situations. Even though all individual will gladly accept any help they can get it is considered unfair to the real less fortunates of society According to the Planning Institute of Jamaica, over the past decade, the voice of the Jamaican population classified as poor fell from 30.5 percent in 1989 to 16.9 percent in 1999. With an estimated population of 2.58 million persons, this was equivalent to approximately 400,000 persons who were unable to meet their basal needs. Assuming that three-quarters of the poor were determined in hoidenish areas, as in 1998, an estimated 300,000 rural persons lived below the poverty line. The methodology officially use in calculating the number of those who fall below the poverty line follows international practice and is build around the cost of feeding a low income family.It is therefore highly insensitive to the changes in pabulum cost. Most basic foods were imported the effect of 1991 deregulation of the foreignexchange was immediately reflected in the poverty level, which soared to 44.6 percent. Since 1992 the poverty level has followed a steady downward path, until 1998 when it was estimated at 15.9 percent. One of the reasons why poverty permeates Jamaicas environment is due to a number of factors that needs immediate attention which is even-tempered present in the 21st century today. Rural firms are large and includes more children than in KMA( Kingston metropolitan area) households, rural area contains larger proportions of elderly and small proportions of persons in the prime working ages, as well as they can only afford to spend only two-thirds of what (KMA) counterparts spend on food beverages for each household member and their members a more likely to report cosmos ill and less likely able to seek medical care.The question pertaining to who are considered as the poor is generally taken as sufficient justification for the heavy emphasis of current poverty reduction curriculums on the two target groups of children and the elderly. However in an article named (A Rose by any other name). A cleaning lady by Rose Morgan has been sitting outside the villa medical centre in Mandeville who came from Westmoreland in her early 20s seek job opportunities. According to lift she came to Mandeville and she was pursued by a man that accommod ated her at his home, but in conclusion he died. Now Rose lives off the sincerity of those that pass her by the street. Poverty receives considerable less attention, particularly because of the inadequacy of employment. If rose had a job which she express was impossible to get, she would be else where rather than pray on the streets. From 1995 the political sympathies has been trying to get rid of living conditions such as these. The formulation of the program called (NPEP) National Poverty Eradication Progamme, coordinated by the Office of the Prime Minister was design to advance the state of the country. This Programme serves as an umbrella for existing programs today such as the Human art and Resource Training, (HEART), Microenterprise credit programs poor relief public assistance and food stamp Programmes. Social and frugal jut out Programmes were also developed to promote the employment rate.Employment is seen as one of the major influences on poverty. On November 28, 2 012 a Gleaner article entitle, (Youth Unemployment still triples national average), shows that in spite of the government trying to eliminate poverty from Jamaicas landscape it has some how still manages to inhabit the air we breathe. According toDirector Dr Gladstone Hutchinson, he states that STATIN data during a review of the quarterly economic performance, Jamaicas savvy force increases by 20,600 in the past year (2011). The youth unemployment has consistently run two or three times the national average. The percentage of unemployed youths was 28.7%. The only improvement in idle rate was on April 2012 (14.3%). The tush of poverty is hard to brake, and I insist because majority of those without jobs are clean and it is either difficult at their age to pursue any form of higher education or they have no source of funding to do so. These groups of people falls within the poverty phratry called the aspiration group. For operational purposes, the Government of Jamaica (GOJ) ha s enunciated three categories of poverty which are Chronic Poverty, which exists when an individual is incapacitated and unable(predicate) of independently procuring the requisite means of sustenance. This category includes persons who are unable to work because of chronic physical and kind infirmity or old age and children without parents or with parents who are incapacitated. Those in this category of poverty are the primary beneficiaries of the welfare Programmes that fall under the (NPEP). Consumption Poverty, which refers to able-bodied adults who are unable to meet their basic consumption requirements. This means, they fall below the poverty line as determined by mean per capita consumption expenditure. This category may include both the employed and unemployed.Resource/capability Poverty, which refers to those who are deprived of retrieve to private and public resources such as a basic education, basic health care, basic housing, transportation, wakeless environment, wate r and employment. This deprivation of these basic resources in turns results in impoverishment. Categorizing poverty in this format allows the government to portion the necessary assistance to the right persons. Hence they will not give those who need help less more than what they deserve. One of the most diverse Programmes, aiming at fatigueing the back of poverty is the PATH Programme. It is said often times that the children are the future, it is clear that the aim of the Programme of Advancement Through Health is to break the generational struggle starting with the future of the country. Even though Path assists the elderly and the incapable, most of the centre is placed on the school which is essential for anyones country. On February the 4th, 2007. The Sunday Gleaner had an article about PATH, ( protrude of Poverty) emphasizing the 1.2 million spent onpath beneficiaries which 70% were to school children. PATH is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) Programme funded by the Gov ernment of Jamaica and the World Bank and is aimed at delivering benefits by way of cash grants to the most needy and vulnerable in the society. In the article the Programme is being questioned why everyone is not benefited from Path.However it was stated that it is not because of budget limitations, but path is working on improving the attendance and performance rate in schools. In essence it justifies my point that Path is attack poverty at the roots. It was introduced Island wide in 2002. With PATH helping to assist in the elimination of poverty, it still does not conclude that path alone can do it. On the 6th of October 2006 in the perfunctory observer an editorial comment was made where the writer was in favor of the (PIOJ) and (STATIN) survey on November to the month of May in 2005. It states that poverty fell by 12.7 percent. On the contrary though he states that, turn we recognize that each intervention by the necessary Programmes are important, we are convinced that they do not provide the long-term basis for the eradication of poverty. For the real solution to poverty is sustained and sustainable economic growth. In correlation to the writers comment, the (NPEP) comprises of the Micro Investment Development Agency (MIDA) which was set up to support the microenterprise as mentioned earlier. It provides persons with the opportunity to gain employment through the establishment of their own businesses (2003). To date (MIDA) remains among the whiz largest providers of microcredit in the island. MIDA alone has been responsible for providing well over one billion Jamaican dollars to the micro-enterprise community between 1992 up until this very day.Hundreds of student graduates from HEART yearly with a skill and is now contributing to Jamaicas economic growth. For that it seems as though the countrys quest to illuminate poverty is gradually fetching place. The literature on poverty in Jamaica dearly indicates that it is a phenomenon associated with low educational attainment and often affects those who are unemployed or self-employed. Other contributing factors to poverty in Jamaica can be traced back to the increasing birthrate, delinquency in schools, child abuse and possibly drug abuse. It is each individual responsibility to profile their actions into actions that will in turn benefit them and the society they reside in.http//www.mlss.gov.jm/pub/index.php?artid=23 2006 ministry of labour and security Planning institute of Jamaica, survey of living conditions 1998 FUNDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG THE POOR IN JAMAICA Social & stinting Studies. Jun2008, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p119-148. FFRENCH, SEAN30phttp//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=7145 THE DYNAMICS OF POVERTY IN JAMAICA, 1969-1999. Social & Economic Studies. Mar2001, Vol. 50 Issue 1, p199-228. 30p. Henry-Lee, Aldriehttp//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=7145 Friday October 6,2006, ( presumet just alleviate poverty) the observer (out of poverty) February 4, 2007 the Sunda y gleanerThe gleaner june 18, 2009 (A rose by another name)Thompson Mepherse (Youth unemployment still triples national average), November the 28, 2012

Chalice Wine Essay

goblet Wine conclave is a publicly traded company that, by numerous partnerships, owns and/or operates a number of vineyards and wine manufacturing companies in Californias Sonoma valley. Previously, they enjoyed a quantify of profitability. Yet in recent years, expansion has saw a decrease in their level of profitability, followed by a repeating period of net income losses. The goal of the case is to determine whether the operation of a undersized winery can be a profitable venture. Upon reading the Chalice Wine Case, the primary wall socket that I have identified, is that the management of the company has not crafted a clear and identifiable mission.As before long mental synthesisd, Chalice Wine Group is attempting to be a vertically integrated company. In this they are attempting to get ever step in the wine business. They are making their own grapes, souring their own grapes, bottling, and lastly shipping them to various scattering outlets. This is fine, as long as th ey are able to create an extremely efficient model to do so. But unfortunately, as their results indicate, they are not efficient enough to assimilate this current model work.There are a number of possible avenues that Chalice Wine Group needs to research, among those are -Why are they paying a price for grapes(from themselves ) that is so in excess of the grocery store rate? There are currently some transfer issues in place, management needs to explore these costs. -Pressing and manufacturing of the wine The costs of the machinery involved, is extremely expensive. What is Chalice doing with their equipment during the time periods in which there is no proceedsion? How are they utilizing this excess capacity? They can either outsource this to another company, or utilize this capacity to process wine for others.-Shipping and scattering Why are they handling this process themselves? This is easily something that should be handled outside. Secondly, they wish to be a niche wine pr ovider, by manufacturing a high quality, high cost product. The problem is that this narrative essentially contradicts their companys vertical structure. This is illustrated through examination of some of their shipping/bottling practices and part of their distribution chain. -They do not package and bottle their products according to the same quality standards. For example, they are using divers(prenominal) quality bottles and boxes for different products.In this eyes of the consumer, this can be inferred as different levels of wine quality. -Next, the liking to be a small niche provider is a direct contradiction to the thought of distribution through food markets. This alone can allow the consumer to infer a mass marketed, broadly distributed product of lower quality. If they want to be a niche provider, they need to market and distribute themselves as such. Chalice Wine Group needs to decide what kind of company they want to be, and as such, needs to structure themselves in a way that will help best meet that mission and goal in the most efficient manner possible.

Two factors which affected the Stuart economy of 1600-1660

The Stuart economy is always difficult to die. Unfortunately refer competent to incomplete records we only have a rough idea of the economic development that England underwent during this era. For example we do non have fully accurate records that state the exact population size at the time. We as tumesce in that respectfore do not have accurate records on the economy either but from parish records and events during this tip it is allay possible to make informed conclusions on what the economy was like, and the factors that stimulated it.The first thing that is all important(p) to study when discussing the economy is the population size. According to records put in parishes at the time population was in the main on the increase and rose from 4 to 5 million between 1600 and 1660. and although the population did turf out considerably it was certainly not a steady increase and went through phases of decline as well as increase. Surprisingly, according to information now ava ilable, some years burial rates were actually higher than baptism rates, suggesting a population decline.However collect to the fact that these records are sometimes incomplete it is not possible to buy the farm completely accurate figures about the changes in population during this era. Some historians contest that these changes in population growth point to the fact that the Stuart economy was vastly agricultural. This theory is widely accepted as being true, it successfully answers the reason for very drastic changes in the population size in some areas as agrarian economy can be easily dislocated by ill winters and poor harvests.Also the records of bad harvests coincide with drops in population during this stay, suggesting that the economy of the Stuart era was finding it very difficult to keep up with demand. In order to combat this rise in demand, farmers would need to innovate and experiment with new crops in order to compete. Some historians argue that this period due to the population increase led to a body politic revolution as there is grounds that some(prenominal) villages adopted the concept of enclosure in order to cash in ones chips to a dandyer extent productive.This commercialisation of agribusiness is thought by many to be more popular than the antecedently adopted method of subsistence farming. (Growing enough to feed you and your immediate family. ) This technique of enclosure meant farmers were able to be more productive and meet higher demands and is generally accepted as a more efficient dodge than subsistence farming. This enclosure method of once community owned fields is thought to be the start of wee capitalism in England, the commercialisation of the fields is therefore thought to be brought about by the pressures of a population on the increase.But were farmers of this period willing to innovate, experiment and try new techniques? Evidence found in the diary of an run-of-the-mill farmer of the period is a strong argu ment that farmers were willing to endeavor new crops. Robert Loder left a diary concerning his farming and the changes he made to his techniques and crops. It is possible to assume that this ordinary farmer was one of many who experimented in order to boost their production. However it is still possible to argue that there was a strong amount of conservative farmers who did not adopt these new techniques but there is no evidence to suggest this.Some historians also use examples such as the adoption of tobacco plant crops in England as a key piece of evidence for how adventuress and innovative farmers could be once convinced of the potential of the new farming enterprise. Despite the evidence presented for innovation and experimentation there is strong evidence that suggests that farmers struggled to keep up with demand. Sources found for some areas of England suggest that there were huge rises in prices during this period due to inflation. This evidence is known as the Phelps Br own price index.Although this is one of the most normally used sources, due to lack of information it only covers certain areas of England, mainly the south meaning that it is hard to generalise these price rises across England however it is the best information available. This rise in prices is evidence suggesting that the farmers of the Stuart economy had great obstruction despite all their innovation and experimentation to keep up with demand. However some historians still disagree. So the key question still unanswered is whether the farmers were able to keep up with constantly growing demand. plainly it is highlighted by bad harvests how susceptible the agrarian economy was to very cold long winters and the obvious problems this could create. However equally it can be argued that through innovation and experimentation farmers managed to meet demand, however evidence of backbreaking inflation during the Stuart period leads many historians to the conclusion that resources were s carce and that the economy due to reliance on contumacious variables such as weather was not able to keep up with demand.However on the new(prenominal) hand it is argued by some that the farmers willingness to implement new techniques and methods of farming lead to increased productivity and was able to keep up with increased demand. However due to lack of concrete evidence this issue is still in many historians opinions open to interpretation. Another key factor in the development of the Stuart economy was fabrication. Although industry only made up for around 10% of the economy it is still an important area to analyse to have a full understanding of the economic changes to took place in the Seventeenth century.Firstly it is commonly thought that the English industrial techniques were inferior to those of Europe. Most goods were thought to have been produced at home and interchange locally. This technique of production suggests an undeveloped industry in England, however these limitations in manufacturing were overcome via exportation to the go Europe. The main industry in England at this time was textiles, located in East Anglia.In this period unfinished woollen cloth would be produced and then exported to other countries in order to create a finished product, such as the Netherlands who were thought to be the leading industrial nation of the times. The reason for exportation was purely because England lacked the techniques and resources to manufacture such products. As farming was the leading source of income in England it is thought that many industrial workers were involved in agriculture as well as the manufacturing of textiles.Although many combined farming with manufacturing and production some did seek industry as full-time employment usually through the putting-out system. alike textiles England also produced coal, mainly mined in the north-east of England. As London grew in population the northern East was able to produce more and more coal t o meet demands, although limitations in technology prevented dig below the surface. However transporting vast quantities of coal is thought by many historians to have been a problem. roads in this period were thought to be in quite a bad state, and therefore often of the coal mined was transported by sea. This transportation via sea is important. In order to transport such great amounts of coal England you would need a merchant fleet and Royal Navy to provide protection. Despite these measures the fleets that traveled between the North-East and London still suffered attacks during the wars England had with the Dutch. This is evident when we look at the prices of coal and see that prices two-fold during this period suggesting heavy losses from attack.In conclusion it is probably right to suggest that industry looked for short-term solutions to meet the demands it faced, although no new techniques or technological advances are evident, this period did see the development of outdo or(a) trade, a key feature of the Stuart economy with the development of overseas colonies. However it can be argued that changes in agriculture and innovation were more significant, however it is still somewhat important to understand that the Stuart economy did not just rely on agriculture alone.

Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Special Education Teacher Preparation in schoolroom Management Implications for Students with aflame and Behavioral Disorders Foundations of Exceptionality (EDUC 521)Special Education Teacher Preparation in schoolroom ManagementImplications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral DisordersClassroom have a go at itment and organization plays a vital role in the learning process for every students, and e redundantly in students having EBD. The research conducted in the article, Special Education Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, by Regina Oliver and Daniel Reschly, examines the question Do academic courses and training prepare surplus education teachers to know how to cope with the needs of EBD children in the classroom? Special education teachers need the skills to manage the classroom effectively lacking this knowledge can lead to students spending too much sentence outside the classroom and the le arning process.To examine the academics in teacher preparation programs a study was conducted victimization syllabi from these programs employing information from a larger assessment of higher education institutions only classroom management categories were evaluated. In measuring this data the Innovation Configuration (IC) chart was utilized ICs are the inveterate form of quantifying assessment (Oliver & Reschly, 2010).The results indicate that many institutions of higher learning were lacking in areas of curriculum preparing special education teachers to work with EBD students and their behaviors in the classroom. Areas established to be lacking were active supervision and student engagement, classroom routines, structured environment, and school wide behavioral expectations. In the syllabi from the institutions many of the elements listed were non included and 42% did not include teaching how to set up classroom rules a well planned set of rules and expectations in the classroo m is a preventiveapproach to discipline (2010).One can see that there could be a correlation between teacher preparation curriculum and EBD students behaviors and the learning process advertize studies are needed to ascertain a connection. Students and teachers would greatly gain from such studies, because it could warrant a change over in curriculum and training.

Critiques of New Urbanism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critiques of current Urbanism - Research Paper ExampleThis paper evaluates the brisk Urbanist critiques of contemporary urban development, as well as the critiques of New Urbanism principles. New Urbanism is a stochastic variable if an urban design programme which encourages the traditional concepts of neighborhood design and apply them into a range of urban and suburban settings. The movement started as a response to the conventional suburban planning in the United States since the 1940s where the communities atomic number 18 decentralize and dependent mainly on cars as a form of transportation. New Urbanists claim that the orthodox apparatus causes congestion in arterial roads, limited opportunities for people without cars, loss of open space and detachment to civil life. To resolve this issue, they created a reform program with planning and design principles including byeable neighborhoods in a spectrum of a five-minute walk major orientation around public transit systems better assimilation of diverse types of land uses at the neighborhood level affordable housing strong citizen participation and social and economic diversity (Fulton). The New Urbanist criticisms of contemporary urban development, specifically of the sprawl were discussed by Ellis (262-266) on a research on the New Urbanism movement. ... great automobile dependency in sprawl communities can be minimized dramatically by the installation of proper transit platforms through the New Urbanist principles. While transit investments are intergenerational and long-term, they can form the framework for more efficient, reasonable and sustainable urban regions. The land-use mixtures and street patterns that New Urbanist offers are also discriminatory for pedestrians and cyclists. The designs that the street patterns suggest better traffic systems and quality of the travel experience. On the other hand, higher densities and composite uses can yield considerably lower vehicle miles travelled. Although studies regarding the impact of street patterns to the reduction of automobile commutation are limited, neoclassical economists believe that the benefits of New Urbanist designs forget be fully achieved when land-use and transportation planning are applied in the regional level (Ellis 265). Moreover, New Urbanism holds the potency for substantial environmental benefits. Ellis (265) stated that more compact development patterns, combined with infill strategies, make it easier to conserve sensitive environmental areas. Even if the New Urbanist designs will reap the environmental benefits or green engineering techniques only after several years, the idea is viable and the results of studies are encouraging. The evidence of recent researches maintain that the New Urbanist designs can play a role in reducing wasteful land consumption and the negative environmental impacts of auto-dependent sprawl (Ellis 266).Hence, the proper use of proceeds management, land-use planning and urban design strategies in urban planning can capitalize on the potential of the New Urbanist concept. However, New Urbanisms incorrect

Project and marking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project and marking - Research Paper spokespersonIt will be crucial to mention that decision making process is one of the major move of Human Resource Management (HRM) in any organization. As often explained theoretically and witnessed in square life cases, HRM is a multifaceted doctrine, which is responsible for many functions performed within any organization being subjected to befitting decision making that can ensure maximum success. Some of those functions commonly include recruitment and endurance, learning and development and employee motivation among others. The aspect of decision making is often regarded as one of the most often executed tasks in every section of the HRM functions. Correspondingly, HR managers have the need to decide for themselves as wellspring as superiors with regard to the development of HRM functions within the organization on a regular basis (Armstrong 3-28). exclusively these aspects together ensure success for the overall business, which aga in differ from one organization to another in accordance with their industrial structure and business performance needs. THESIS STATEMENT This report will principally present a detailed comparison on the decision making process of recruitment and selection HRM functions of two separate organizations operating in similar industry sector, i.e. Qatar Airways and US Airways will be considered in this report. Contextually, the report will present a comparison between the recruitment and selection